Question

Select an ethnic minority group that is represented in the United States (American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian American, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander). Using health information available from Healthy People, the CDC, and other relevant government websites, analyze the health status for this group.

In a paper of 1,000-1,250 words, compare and contrast the health status of your selected minority group to the national average. Include the following:

1. Describe the ethnic minority group selected. Describe the current health status of this group. How do race and ethnicity influence health for this group?
2. What are the health disparities that exist for this group? What are the nutritional challenges for this group?
3. Discuss the barriers to health for this group resulting from culture, socioeconomics, education, and sociopolitical factors.
4. What health promotion activities are often practiced by this group?
5. Describe at least one approach using the three levels of health promotion prevention (primary, secondary, and tertiary) that is likely to be the most effective in a care plan given the unique needs of the minority group you have selected. Provide an explanation of why it might be the most effective choice.
6. What cultural beliefs or practices must be considered when creating a care plan? What cultural theory or model would be best to support culturally competent health promotion for this population? Why?

Cite at least three peer-reviewed or scholarly sources to complete this assignment. Sources should be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and public health content.

Answer 1

.There are so many racial minority groups in America.T he Hispanic-American population is among the fastest growing in the United States. They make up more than 17 percent of the U.S. population. While Latinos are advancing as entrepreneurs, they face challenges in the educational arena. Just 62.2 percent of Latinos had graduated from high school in 2010, compared to 85 percent of Americans overall. Latinos also suffer from a higher poverty rate than the general population. Only time will tell if Hispanics will close these gaps as their population grows. For years, African Americans were the nation’s largest minority group. Today, Latinos have outpaced blacks in population growth, but African Americans continue to play an influential role in U.S. culture.

Here I have selected the research minority group as African Americans :

Percent of Americans with health coverage, by race Whites 88% 82% Asian Americans Native Hawailan or Other Pacific Islander African Americans or blacks 80% 79% Hispanics American Indians and Alaskan Natives 68% 6896

African Americans or blacks

Black or African American refers to people having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa, including those of Caribbean identity.

Health disparity:

The National Center for Minority Health and Health Disparities, provided a legal definition of health disparities: “A population is a health disparity population if there is a significant disparity in the overall rate of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity, mortality or survival rates in the population as compared to the health status of the general population.”

Health coverage

Seventy-nine percent of African Americans had health coverage in 2009 compared to 88 percent of white Americans.

A total of 16.6 percent of African Americans aged 18 years and over do not have a regular source of health care.

Nearly half (46 percent) of nonelderly black adults who do not have insurance report having one or more chronic health conditions.

Chronic health conditions

Thirteen percent of African Americans of all ages report they are in fair or poor health.

Adult obesity rates for African Americans are higher than those for whites in nearly every state of the nation—37 percent of men and nearly 50 percent of women are obese.

African Americans have higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease than other groups. Nearly 15 percent of African Americans have diabetes compared with 8 percent of whites.

Asthma prevalence is also highest among blacks. Black children have a 260 percent higher emergency department visit rate, a 250 percent higher hospitalization rate, and a 500 percent higher death rate from asthma compared to white children.

African Americans experience higher incidence and mortality rates from many cancers that are amenable to early diagnosis and treatment. African-American adults with cancer are woefully underrepresented in cancer trials and are much less likely to survive prostate cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer than their white counterparts.

Leading causes of death

Leading causes of death among this group are heart disease, cancer, and stroke.

There are 13.24 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in this population.

* The racial/ethnic disparities are evident in the fact that socioeconomic differences in health outcomes have been widely documented for most health conditions in most countries. People who are poorer and who have less education are more likely to suffer from diseases, to experience loss of functioning, to be cognitively and physically impaired, and to experience higher mortality rates.

Socioeconomic status is obviously related to race and ethnicity in the United States, but the role of socioeconomic factors as a cause of racial/ ethnic health differences is complex. Many studies have documented the importance of blacks' low SES as a partial explanation for poor health outcomes relative to whites. Studies have also clarified that socioeconomic differences often do not “explain” all health differences between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites, with black-white differences in health remaining after controlling for socioeconomic conditions.

Nutritional Challenges :

Typically, racial and ethnic minority groups defined here as Black or African American, experience diet-related disparities, and consequently tend to have poorer nutrient profiles and dietary behaviors and patterns relative to whites. These disparities are often defined as diets high in fat, particularly saturated fat; low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; and high in salt. However, it is important to note that while disparities are often defined on the basis of race and ethnicity, factors contributing to disparities may be more associated with socioeconomic status rather than ethnicity or race.

African-Americans have dietary preferences born from cultural influences and necessity. The preference for a particular type of cuisine called “soul food” has resulted in various health problems for African-Americans. Soul food typically involves fried foods and lots of fatty meats prepared with rich gravies.

The health effects of eating this food on African-Americans, and what can be done to encourage healthier eating habits. Even though the typical soul food diet is not very healthy, it is possible to make the food healthy without giving up the culture.

Since the typical soul food diet involves large amounts of meat, fat, and sugar there is a large risk of health-related illnesses such as obesity, heart disease and stroke resulting from eating this type of diet. African-Americans typically choose foods such as fried chicken, barbecued ribs, baked macaroni and cheese, sugary fruit drinks, and sweets such as sweet potato pie, which are typical soul food meals.

*Better educational opportunities and higher incomes may be key to closing the gap of cardiovascular health behaviors including smoking, physical activity, and diet quality between black and white Americans, according to a new study led by a University of Iowa researcher.

The researchers examined a host of reasons and determined that socioeconomic factors notably income and educational level influenced the differences in health behaviors between the groups more than other variables,

"The gap in education and income are the critical causes,"

The researchers analyzed data from 3,081 black and white Americans who enrolled in a 30-year (1985 to 2016) study by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute called Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA). The data were classified into three areas to try to explain the difference in cardiovascular health behaviors between the groups:

Socioeconomic factors, including income, education, net worth, employment status, difficulty paying for basics, home ownership, and health insurance. Psychosocial factors, including depression, racial discrimination, stress lasting six months or more, mental and physical quality of life, and hostility.

*Health Promotion Activities

Health promotion interventions are potentially important strategies to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with smoking, physical inactivity and poor diet. Adaptation of interventions with proven effectiveness in the general population may help to increase their acceptability to and effectiveness in ethnic minority populations.

African Americans are disproportionately affected by health problems, often referred to as health disparities/inequities. In response to these inequities more faith-based organizations (FBOs), such as churches, are offering structured health promotion activities including health fairs, screenings, or education, sometimes termed health ministry. African American churches strive to attend to the spiritual, mental, and physical needs of their members. In working for the advancement of the community in all avenues of life, African American pastors have led the charge serving as teacher, politician, preacher, and as an agent of health-related change. From the public health perspective, evidence-based interventions (EBIs) developed for use in African American FBOs now exist for a broad range of issues including heart disease, HIV/AIDS, cancer, obesity, smoking cessation, and flu vaccines.With few exceptions (such as Body and Soul, however, most of these interventions have been tested in efficacy trials without further dissemination.

* The preventive health approach includes health promotion campaigns, interventions and services to decrease tobacco use, increase physical activity and improve diet to reduce and control chronic diseases and the approaches adopted are often steered by international guidelines and national health policies.

Primary or secondary health promotion interventions were also included, the latter referring to interventions for populations with already diagnosed conditions such as diabetes or heart disease.

Secondary interventions were included only if they had at least one intervention component directly intervening in smoking, physical activity or healthy eating behaviors and they reported outcomes related to these components (e.g. a study that reported on increased physical activity as opposed to improved blood glucose). Furthermore, given our focus on identifying adapted interventions

*Transcultural nursing has been integrated into modern nursing education due to the increased heterogeneity of patient populations. As more people from a variety of cultures and with a variety of ethnicities now utilize healthcare facilities, nurses need to be aware of their varying perceptions and levels of tolerance for healthcare. This situation can lead to departures from the practice norms that would otherwise direct patient care, thus opening up a wide array of options regarding treatments and follow-ups. Decision making in patient care involves many important considerations, including patients' attitudes and how they will react to treatment advice.

Culture affects the beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors of individuals, and it is reflected in language, food, dress, and social institutions. Culture can significantly affect various aspects of human life, including health and preferences for managing health conditions. Multicultural trends are emerging in numerous countries due to globalization and mass immigration.

Healthcare professionals, especially nurses, should make an effort to understand and learn about different cultures. Understanding a patient's religious and cultural background can be highly beneficial in delivering healthcare. This understanding may cause healthcare professionals to evaluate their own cultural and religious beliefs, which may, in turn, influence their practices. Such cultural awareness denotes an individual's self-awareness of his or her own cultural background, differences, and biases. Acculturation, on the other hand, signifies the process of learning about a new culture. Nurses should adapt to different cultures by making modifications to their nursing practices while planning care.

1.Cheryl L. Holt, Anita L. Graham-Phillips, Daniel Mullins, Jimmie L. Slade, Alma Savoy, and Roxanne Carter,.,Health ministry and activities in African American faith-based organizations: A qualitative examination of facilitators, barriers, and use of technology.J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2017; 28(1): 378–388.doi: 10.1353/hpu.2017.0029

2Eileen M. Crimmins, Mark D. Hayward, and Teresa E. Seeman, "Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life. National Academies Press (US)

3. Black Americans face education, income barriers to healthy behaviors, University of Lowa

4.Liu JJ, Davidson E, Bhopal RS, et al, Adapting Health Promotion Interventions to Meet the Needs of Ethnic Minority Groups: Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis.,NIHR Journals Library

5.Abdulrahman Saad Albougami, Karen G Pounds and Jazi Shaydeid Alotaibi, Comparison of Four Cultural Competence Models in Transcultural Nursing: A Discussion Paper, CIN Med International Library