Question

d. Hemoptysis e. Paroxysmal coughing D. Medical Management of persons with COPD 2. 3. 4. F Nursing care: Teach client Stop smoking breathing 2. Teach techniques 3. Fluids 4. Small frequent meals diet 6. Administer oxygen as ordered 7. 8. Oxygen administration 1. Normal stimulus to breathe is G. 2. Stimulus to breathe for persons with COPD is 3. D o not give oxygen levels to persons with COPD

Answer 1

D.Medical management of patients with COPD

1. Bronchodilators-relaxes the muscles around the airways,relive coughing and shortness of breath.Shot acting bronchodilators include albuterol,levalbuterol. Long acting bronchodilators include salmeterol,idacaterol.
2. Oral and inhaled steroids-These medications can reduce airway inflammation and help to prevent exacerbations. Budisonide is an example for inhaled steroid .
3. Theophylline-It help to improve the breathing and prevent exacerbations. Side effects are nausea,fast heart beat and tremor.
4. Antibiotics-Respiratory infections such as bronchitis,pneumonia,and influenza can aggravate COPD symptoms.Antibiotics helps to treat acute exacerbations.

F. Nursing care

2).Pursed lip breathing techniques-Breath in through your nose,pucker your lips like you are getting ready to blow out candles on a cake,breath out very slowly through pursed lips 2-3 times as long as you breathed in,and repeat.

5).A diet higher in fat,lower in carbohydrates results in lower carbon dioxide production,this may help the people with COPD better manage their health.Try to include protein and potassium rich food in diet.

7).Encourage movement or activity -sedentary lifestyle causes increased shortness of breath and less tolerance for movement.Helping the patient to move more often helps in improving breathing abilities.

8).Encourage a healthy weight

G.Oxygen administration

1. Normally ,an increased concentration of carbon dioxide is the strongest stimulus to breath more frequently and deeply

2 .Hypoxic drive that exist in COPD patients,which acts as a stimulus to breathing.The ability of patients to tolerate carbon dioxide retention is an adaptive mechanism that lessens the work of breathing.

3. Give oxygen at no more than 28%(via venturi mask 4 L/minute)Or no more than 2 L/minute(via nasal prong).Minimum oxygen saturation is 88-92%.