1. We can clinically diagnose brain death in the following ways :-
can be made w/o confirmatory testing if you are able to establish the etiology, eliminate reversible causes of coma, complete fully the neurologic exam and apnea testing
-diagnosis requires demonstration of the absence of both cortical and brain stem activity
2. The thyroid is part of the endocrine system, which is made up of glands that produce, store, and release hormones into the bloodstream so the hormones can reach the body's cells. The thyroid gland uses iodine from the foods you eat to make two main hormones:
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Two glands in the brain—the hypothalamus and the pituitary communicate to maintain T3 and T4 balance.
The hypothalamus produces TSH Releasing Hormone (TRH) that signals the pituitary to tell the thyroid gland to produce more or less of T3 and T4 by either increasing or decreasing the release of a hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
3. Hypothyroidism signs and symptoms may include:
Fatigue
Increased sensitivity to cold
Constipation
Dry skin
Weight gain
Puffy face
Hoarseness
Muscle weakness
Elevated blood cholesterol level
Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness
Pain, stiffness or swelling in your joints
Heavier than normal or irregular menstrual periods
Thinning hair
Slowed heart rate
Depression
Impaired memory
Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
# Signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism are :-
Appetite change (decrease or increase)
Difficulty sleeping (insomnia)
Fatigue
Frequent bowel movement—perhaps diarrhea
Heart palpitations
Heat intolerance
Increased sweating
Irritability
Light menstrual periods—perhaps even missed periods
Mental disturbances
Muscle weakness
Nervousness
Problems with fertility
Shortness of breath
Sudden paralysis
Tremor/shakiness
Vision changes
Weight loss-but perhaps weight gain
Dizziness
Thinning of hair
Itching and hives
Possible increase in blood sugar
4. Symptoms of graves disease are :-
Unintentional weight loss, even when your appetite and food intake stay the same or increase
Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) — commonly more than 100 beats a minute
Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
Pounding of your heart (palpitations)
Increased appetite
Nervousness, anxiety and irritability
Tremor — usually a fine trembling in your hands and fingers
Sweating
Changes in menstrual patterns
Increased sensitivity to heat
Changes in bowel patterns, especially more frequent bowel movements
An enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), which may appear as a swelling at the base of your neck
Fatigue, muscle weakness
Difficulty sleeping
Skin thinning
Fine, brittle hair
# Cause of graves disease :-
The exact cause of graves disease is unknown however it is thought to be the result of a malfunction in the bodies disease fighting immune system.
Possibly caused by emotional stress and smoking.
Brain death diagnostics Thyroid hormones Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism symptoms Grave's disease causes, symptoms Parathyroid functions
Select ONE of the following conditions: Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Myxedema Coma, Grave's Disease, Addison's Disease, Cushing's Syndrome. Explain the causative factors and signs and symptoms of the condition
True/False Levothyroxine is used as replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. T/F The parathyroid glands are four small groups of glandular tissue located on the back of the thyroid gland. T/F Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the most important regulator of serum calcium levels in the body. T/F Fill in the Blank The thyroid hormone regulates the rate of _________________, which is the rate at which energy is burned. A lack of sufficient levels of thyroid hormones needed to maintain normal metabolism is...
Discuss Grave's Disease and the systemic manifestations and treatment of hyperthyroidism. Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of hypothyroidism.
Please answer the following, Thanks Thyroid Which three hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? What is TSH and which gland produces it? Why do we need iodine? What is the relationship between T3, T4 and TSH? 5. Medications for Hyperthyroidism. Fill in the Nursing Intervention for each side effect. Medication Side effects Nursing Intervention Radioactive Iodine Radiation Sickness Bone Marrow Depression Hypothyroidism a) b) c) Propylthioracil (PTU) Overmedication Agranulocytosis Hepatitis a) b) c) Which conditions are contraindicated with the...
Chapter 18 Objectives Identify the functions of the endocrine system. Identify the hormones of the anterior pituitary (including the appropriate releasing factor), stimulating hormones, target hormones, and target tissues, including normal outcomes. List the hormones of the posterior pituitary and their actions. Discuss the effects of thyroid hormone (T3, T4) and the mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation. Discuss the effects of parathyroid hormone and the mechanisms of parathyroid hormone regulation. Identify the hormones secreted by the alpha, beta, and delta...
A patient with hypothyroidism is receiving Synthroid for hormone replacement. The nurse knows that thyroid hormones interact with certain medications. What are the education needs of patients requiring corticosteroids therapy? A patient has just undergone thyroidectomy for treatment of thyroid cancer. For what postoperative complications should the nurse assess the patent? You are caring for a patient with Addison disease, which results in adrenocortical insufficiency. What are the 3 types of hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex? Which hormones are...
An enlarged thyrold gland can lead to symptoms that reflect either overproduction or underproduction of thyroid hormones. How are both of these conditions possible from an enlarged thyroid?1. What is another name for an enlarged thyrold?2. Name one cause of an enlarged thyroid 3. What is hyperthyroidism24, What is hypothyroldism?5. Does a malignant tumor of the thyroid cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism? TTTAnal 回ㄒㄧ--. 1ミ·図·.ee> 31120',
1. In Grave's Disease, hyperthyroidism is produced by an IgG that causes prolonged activation of the TSH receptors and results in excessive secretion of T and T. Explain why the negative feedback mechanism does not work in this disease. Reference an internet source (URL). journal article or book (5 points). 2. Chromatographic assay reveals that the total amount of Tj in the blood is 100 ng. You find that the various bound forms of the hormone are: Tythe,-0.5% T, ~...
Canavan disease is an autosomal recessive disease that causes progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain. Symptoms such as mental retardation, loss of motor skills and abnormal muscle tone progress rapidly beginning in infancy. The disease is fatal with no cure, and death usually occurs before age 4. This disease is caused by mutations in the gene for aspartoacylase on chromosome 17. In the Ashkenazi Jewish population, 1 in 10,000 persons are born with the disease. Assuming that this...
1.The thyroid gland: shrinks when a person has goiter, which is caused by an iodide deficiency. produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone. sequesters iodide from the diet, and synthesizes thyroxine and T3. produces thyroid-stimulating hormone. stores thyroxine for up to months in the thyrotropes. 2. Increasing the concentrations of which of the following would cause the largest increase in calcium concentrations in the extracellular fluid? activating osteoblasts increasing the plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin activating the chondrocytes increasing the plasma concentrations...