Question

Chapter 18 Objectives

1. Identify the functions of the endocrine system.
2. Identify the hormones of the anterior pituitary (including the appropriate releasing factor), stimulating hormones, target hormones, and target tissues, including normal outcomes.
3. List the hormones of the posterior pituitary and their actions.
4. Discuss the effects of thyroid hormone (T3, T4) and the mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation.
5. Discuss the effects of parathyroid hormone and the mechanisms of parathyroid hormone regulation.
6. Identify the hormones secreted by the alpha, beta, and delta cells of the pancreas and discuss their major functions.
7. Identify the adrenocortical and medullary hormones with reference to structure, function, and regulation of secretion by the body systems.

For objectives 2- 7 listed above…..There are questions that ask you to identify what hormones are released from the various systems as well as matching some of the hormones with their primary functions.  The primary focus is to think about which gland releases which hormones and what the job of the hormone is when it is functioning correctly.

Chapter 19 Objectives…..for these, think about the alterations that we discussed and what is going on with the hormones that are causing the issues. From there, think about treatment options – the key to understanding the medications that we use is to understand the body system and what is happening when things are not working correctly!

1. Identify three ways target cells fail to respond to hormones, creating hormonal dysfunction.

Think about why we see alterations and what can cause these….

2. Compare the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and diabetes insipidus in regard to causative factors, pathophysiology, manifestations, treatment, and prognosis.
3. Discuss the causes of hyper- and hypopituitarism while considering the populations at highest risk for developing these disorders.
4. Discuss the manifestations and consequences of pituitary adenomas and prolactinomas.
5. Explain the progression of hyperthyroidism through Graves disease and thyroid storm in relation to cellular changes, manifestations, treatments, and complications.
6. Discuss the causes, treatment options, and outcomes for disorders that produce hypothyroidism.
7. Differentiate between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
8. Discuss the similarities and differences in the onset, etiology, and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
9. Describe the acute complications of diabetes mellitus with a focus on differential detection and treatment.
10. List the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and discuss how good control of blood glucose limits the cellular degeneration in

    Chapter 18 Objectives

11. Identify the functions of the endocrine system.
12. Identify the hormones of the anterior pituitary (including the appropriate releasing factor), stimulating hormones, target hormones, and target tissues, including normal outcomes.
13. List the hormones of the posterior pituitary and their actions.
14. Discuss the effects of thyroid hormone (T3, T4) and the mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation.
15. Discuss the effects of parathyroid hormone and the mechanisms of parathyroid hormone regulation.
16. Identify the hormones secreted by the alpha, beta, and delta cells of the pancreas and discuss their major functions.
17. Identify the adrenocortical and medullary hormones with reference to structure, function, and regulation of secretion by the body systems.

18. For objectives 2- 7 listed above…..There are questions that ask you to identify what hormones are released from the various systems as well as matching some of the hormones with their primary functions.  The primary focus is to think about which gland releases which hormones and what the job of the hormone is when it is functioning correctly.

    Chapter 19 Objectives…..for these, think about the alterations that we discussed and what is going on with the hormones that are causing the issues. From there, think about treatment options – the key to understanding the medications that we use is to understand the body system and what is happening when things are not working correctly!

19. Identify three ways target cells fail to respond to hormones, creating hormonal dysfunction.

20. Think about why we see alterations and what can cause these….

21. Compare the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and diabetes insipidus in regard to causative factors, pathophysiology, manifestations, treatment, and prognosis.
22. Discuss the causes of hyper- and hypopituitarism while considering the populations at highest risk for developing these disorders.
23. Discuss the manifestations and consequences of pituitary adenomas and prolactinomas.
24. Explain the progression of hyperthyroidism through Graves disease and thyroid storm in relation to cellular changes, manifestations, treatments, and complications.
25. Discuss the causes, treatment options, and outcomes for disorders that produce hypothyroidism.
26. Differentiate between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
27. Discuss the similarities and differences in the onset, etiology, and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
28. Describe the acute complications of diabetes mellitus with a focus on differential detection and treatment.
29. List the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and discuss how good control of blood glucose limits the cellular degeneration in each instance.
30. Describe the function, uses, and mechanisms of the polyol pathway.
31. Compare hypercortical function (Cushing disease and syndrome) and hypocortical function (Addison disease), including causative factors, pathophysiology, manifestations, treatment, and prognosis.

32. Chapter 18 Objectives

33. Identify the functions of the endocrine system.
34. Identify the hormones of the anterior pituitary (including the appropriate releasing factor), stimulating hormones, target hormones, and target tissues, including normal outcomes.
35. List the hormones of the posterior pituitary and their actions.
36. Discuss the effects of thyroid hormone (T3, T4) and the mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation.
37. Discuss the effects of parathyroid hormone and the mechanisms of parathyroid hormone regulation.
38. Identify the hormones secreted by the alpha, beta, and delta cells of the pancreas and discuss their major functions.
39. Identify the adrenocortical and medullary hormones with reference to structure, function, and regulation of secretion by the body systems.

40. Chapter 19 Objectives…..for these, think about the alterations that we discussed and what is going on with the hormones that are causing the issues. From there, think about treatment options – the key to understanding the medications that we use is to understand the body system and what is happening when things are not working correctly!

41. Identify three ways target cells fail to respond to hormones, creating hormonal dysfunction.

42. Think about why we see alterations and what can cause these….

43. Compare the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) and diabetes insipidus in regard to causative factors, pathophysiology, manifestations, treatment, and prognosis.
44. Discuss the causes of hyper- and hypopituitarism while considering the populations at highest risk for developing these disorders.
45. Discuss the manifestations and consequences of pituitary adenomas and prolactinomas.
46. Explain the progression of hyperthyroidism through Graves disease and thyroid storm in relation to cellular changes, manifestations, treatments, and complications.
47. Discuss the causes, treatment options, and outcomes for disorders that produce hypothyroidism.
48. Differentiate between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
49. Discuss the similarities and differences in the onset, etiology, and pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
50. Describe the acute complications of diabetes mellitus with a focus on differential detection and treatment.
51. List the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus and discuss how good control of blood glucose limits the cellular degeneration in each instance.
52. Describe the function, uses, and mechanisms of the polyol pathway.
53. Compare hypercortical function (Cushing disease and syndrome) and hypocortical function (Addison disease), including causative factors, pathophysiology, manifestations, treatment, and prognosis.

54. For objectives 2- 7 listed above…..There are questions that ask you to identify what hormones are released from the various systems as well as matching some of the hormones with their primary functions.  The primary focus is to think about which gland releases which hormones and what the job of the hormone is when it is functioning correctly.

    each instance.
55. Describe the function, uses, and mechanisms of the polyol pathway.
56. Compare hypercortical function (Cushing disease and syndrome) and hypocortical function (Addison disease), including causative factors, pathophysiology, manifestations, treatment, and prognosis.

Answer 1

18) 1. Functions of the endocrine system are :-

- Metabolism and tissue maturation

- Ion regulation

- Water balance

- Immune system regulation

- Heart rate and blood pressure regulation

- Control of blood glucose and other nutrients

- Control of reproductive functions

- Uterine contraction and milk release

- Temperature regulation

- Growth and development

- Defense against stress

2. The hormones of anterior pituitary gland are :-

- TSH ( thyroid stimulating hormone) acting on thyroid gland

- ACTH( adrenocorticotropic hormone) acting on adrenal cortex

- FSH and LH ( follicle stimulating hormone and lutenising hormone ) acting on the ovaries and testis

- Growth hormone acting on the whole body

- Prolactin acting on mammary glands

- Endorphins acting on pain receptors in the brain

3. The hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are:-

- ADH (antidiuretic hormone ) = it's function is to control the rate of water excretion into the urine . Hence, helping to control the concentration of water in the body fluids .

- Oxytocin = it helps to contract the muscles around the milk glands and expresses milk . It also helps in the uterine contraction during labour and delivery of baby.

4. The effects of the thyroid hormone are :-

- increases metabolic rate

- increases protein synthesis

- increases energy production

Mechanism of thyroid hormone regulation