Question

1. Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are both endocrine disorders with similar symptomatology, but they each have different mechanisms. In a short well-constructed paragraph, contrast these two conditions citing specific hormones, lab results, and/or symptoms to support your understanding of their differences.

2.

Which of the following statements is false about a simple goiter?

	A.	The patient may notice a swelling of the neck and experience difficulty swallowing.
	B.	Thyroid ultrasonography can confirm the presence of a thyroid nodule.
	C.	All simple goiters are cancerous.
	D.	Treatment usually involves the use of dietary iodine.

3.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

	A.	often requires patients to treat with insulin injections.
	B.	is usually only seen in children.
	C.	is the most common form of diabetes.
	D.	has little influence on blood glucose levels.

4.

The treatment of syphilis is directed at

	A.	completely curing the disease.
	B.	decreasing the frequency of outbreaks.
	C.	reduction of the symptoms only.
	D.	maintaining proper blood pressure

5.

Dialysis filters out unwanted elements from the blood, usually removed by healthy kidneys; thus

	A.	the proper electrolyte levels in the body are maintained
	B.	the proper acid-base levels in the body are maintained
	C.	the proper fluid levels in the body are maintained
	D.	All statements are correct.

6.Which of the following are possible complications of PID, if not treated

	A.	pelvic adhesions.
	B.	elevated risk of ectopic pregnancy.
	C.	septicemia.
	D.	All statements are correct.

7.

Hepatitis B may be transmitted through which of the following

	A.	broken skin contacting with blood, semen, vaginal secretions.
	B.	sharing of contaminated needles, accidental inoculation.
	C.	from an infected mother to her infant during birth.
		All of the statements are correct. Insulin shock can be caused by A. too much insulin. B. delayed meal or insufficient food. C. very low blood glucose. D. All statements are correct. Hypertension, edema, protein in the urine, and convulsions are all possible symptoms and signs of A. toxemia in pregnancy, B. preeclampsia C. eclampsia D. All statements are correct.

		Function of the urinary system is evaluated by which of the following: A. physical examination alone. B. the patient’s history alone. C. urinalysis (UA) and blood tests. D. records of daily liquid intake.
		Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) may be a complication resulting from a failure to seek treatment which of the following sexually transmitted diseases: A. gonorrhea. B. HIV. C. HPV. D. hepatitis B
		Hypersecretion of Human Growth Hormone occurring after puberty causing thickened bones, prominent forehead and jaw, is called A. acromegaly. B. gigantism. C. cretinism. D. all of the above.

Answer 1

1. Diabetes mellitus is the condition of increased blood glucose level. It occurs due to decreased level of insulin production by the pancreas. Insulin lowers blood glucose level. Diabetes mellitus often associated with excessive eating and high amount of glucose in urine. Fasting plasma glucose level more than 126 mg/dL is considered diabetic.

Diabetes insipidus is the condition of excessive thirst and increased urination caused by hormonal imbalance. It mainly occurs due to low level of Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH or vasopressin regulates water and salt balance in the body and regulates kidney for the conservation of water. It disturbs water and salt metabolism in the body. It is associated with dehydration and diluted urine. Urine sodium level of more than 145 mEq/L and urine osmolality below 300 mOsm/L is considered diabetic.

2. Goiters are mostly benign but they can be cancerous. They are swelling in the thyroid gland and can be treated by the intake of dietary iodine.

Answer : C.

3. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the chronic condition in which high blood sugar level starts affecting body physiology. In this condition, body cells do not utilize glucose effectively. Affected individuals usually take insulin injections and it is the most common form of diabetes.

Answer: A and c