Question

PATH370 2018 WEEK 1 TOPICS (CH 1, 2, 4,7) CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TERMINOLOGY Know all vocabulary and definitions from this chapter, including any words you do not know, and the following terms (you may need to look in other chapters to find some of these terms): prognosis prolonged absorb exacerbation maladaptive morbidity mortality multifactorial excrete hypoxemia hypoxia iatrogenic idiopathic acute adverse remission risk factor chronic dlinical manifestations secrete occurrence pallor pandemic pathogenesis pathology pathophysiology perfusion sensitivity sequelae compensate incidence cyanosis detrimental incubation period infarction signs specificity subclinical stage disseminate diagnosis endemic inhibit insidious symptoms epidemic epidemiology etiology intermittent physiology prevalence prodromal period syndrome ischemia transient latent period CHAPTER 2: HOMEOSTASIS AND ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO STRESSORS -define stress and give examples of physical, chemical, emotional, direct, indirect, extermal, internal, positive, negative stressors 3 stages of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome -role of hypothalamus and function of corticotropin releasing hormone -role of anterior pituitary and function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) role of posterior pitu itary and function of antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin (ADH) -role of adrenal glands and functions of catecholamines-epinephrine, norepinephrine corticosteroids-cortisol, aldosterone -functions of endorphins/enkephalins and immune cytokines -physical, behavioral, and emotional indicators of stress -explain the difference between homeostasis and allostasis -explain what occurs during allostatic overload -explain why each of the following can occur due to stress: hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disea se, gastrointestinal problems, immune suppression, diabetes mellitus -define glycolysis, gluconeogene sis, glycogenolysis CHAPTER 4: CELL INJURY, AGING, AND DEATH -list and describe the mechanisms associated with reversible (hydropic swelling, intracellular accumulations, protein damage, cell adaptations) and irreversible (necrosis, gangrene, apoptosis) cell injuries describe and give causes and examples of each of the following cell adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia -describe necrosis (all types), gangrene (all types), and apoptosis, and explain why they occur describe ischemia, hypoxia, and hypoxemia along with why/when each condition occurs CHAPTER 7: NEOPLASIA -benign vs malignant tumors: terminc of recurrence, prognosis -abnormal behavior of malignant cells ,appearance (gross and microscopic), growth, metastasis, necresis, likelihood

Answer 1

Chapter 1: Terminology

• Absorb - To take up into (the cell or the circulation). For example, the absorption of nutrients into the circulation
• Acute - The word “acute” means sudden or sharp. For example, acute hypoxia (hypoxia that occurred suddenly and lasts for a few minutes or seconds)
• Adverse - the unwanted effects caused by various drugs. For example, ankle swelling, constipation, and dizziness are the adverse effects caused by various drugs.
• Chronic - and the word “chronic” means a long period. The symptoms of a disease can be acute (sudden and sharp), chronic (for long period), relapsing (reoccurring).
• Clinical manifestations - Observable changes in the body caused by a particular disease or disorder
• Compensate - Replace a response or an action with the other that serve the related or similar function
• Cyanosis - The term “cyanosis” means, pertaining to an abnormal blue coloration of the skin and mucous membrane resulting from the insufficient oxygen supply.
• Detrimental - harmful
• Disseminate - widespread
• Diagnosis - establishing the nature and cause of a disease.
• Epidemic diseases are those that affect many people in a community and the disease persist for a short period of time. A worldwide epidemic is called, “pandemic.”
• Endemic diseases are those that are always present in a community but are seen at a low rate.
• Epidemiology - It is the study of incidence, distribution, and control of diseases and factors related to various diseases
• Etiology - Etiology is the science of studying disease causes or origin of the disease. It plays a key role in disease prevention.