Question

Patient questions

1. Patient A complains about feet swelling recently which gets worse and worse. Please list the potential pathological conditions associated with foot swelling and explain the pathogenesis of the edema under that condition. 2. Please list at least 5 conditions that cause secondary hypertension and explain the pathogenesis of each condition. 3. Please list at least 5 pathological conditions that clinically present with Jaundice and explain the pathogenesis of each condition. 4. Patient B complains about fatigue. Please explain the potential causes of fatigue and list the examples for each cause. (the more examples the better). (Hint: what can decrease the cellular ATP production) 5. What are the potential conditions associated with hepatomagely and/or splenomegaly? Explain the pathogenesis of hepatomegaly for each condition. 6. Please explain the differences between pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema, and the relationship (cause/outcome) between them. 7. List the pathological conditions that patient needs to control the sodium, water, or protein, and explain why for each condition. 8. For the following conditions what type of exercise would you recommend to the patient and why. Chronic stress Primary hypertension Chronic heart failure (left, right or both) COPD Chronic kidney disease Diabetes millitus J. S. is 23 years old. He was brought to the emergency department after an auto accident. He suffered a concussion and a deep laceration of his right thigh. He lost about 4 units of blood prior to effective control of bleeding and closure of the wound. Fluid resuscitation is initiated, and a urinary catheter is inserted post operation to monitor his urine output. However, he continues to have significant oozing from his sutured wound. His 24-hour urine volume is 350 ml with a high urine osmolality and low urine sodium. A coagulation screen results indicate the following: platelet count 250,000, bleeding time and a PTT time are both extended. a. If J. S. does not receive adequate treatment, what further condition may he develop? Why? What is the best treatment option to prevent this from occurring? b. What could cause JS continues to have significant oozing from his sutured wound? What evidence you need to support your conclusion?

Answer 1

1.Foot swelling can be commonly seen in three organ problems ( heart( Heart failure, High blood pressure,congestive heart disease), kidney(Renal failure), liver (Cirrhosisof liver) ,obesity,medication

Heart:The intracellular exchange of the fluid and its components can affect the systemic circulation .The function of heart may increase which can cause retention and edema

Kidney:The filtration process is affected leading to retention of sodium and other metabolic wastes in the body causing edema

Medication:These can decrease the blood circulation in the limbs by making the blood thicker resulting in collection of fluid causing edema

Liver :The function of liver is altered resulting in increased portal pressure which cause fluid retention in legs.