Question

550 Capstone Cases (co CAPSTONE CASE B: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE By Steven T. Fleming Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in most developed countries. The Framingham study and many others have contributed to a rich literature linking a number of risk factors, such as obesity, high cholesterol, and smoking, to this disease. "Each year the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statisti- cal Update. The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for research- ers, clinicians, healthcare policymakers, media professionals, the lay public, and many others who seek the best national data available on heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular disease-related mor bidity and mortality and the risks, quality of care, medical procedures and operations, and costs associated with the management of these diseases in a single document" (Go et al. 2013, e7). QUESTIONS 1. What is descriptive epidemiology? 2. In epidemiology, what does the term population mean? 3. In epidemiology, what are measures of frequency, association, and impact? 4. What is the difference between a ratio, a proportion, and a rate? 5. Suppose that a 2012 report lists 100 heart attacks, 75 among men in a population of 25.000 men and 25,000 women. What is the ratio of heart attacks (men to women), the proportion of the heart attack report who are men, and the heart attack rate for men during 2012? 6. Suppose I were to tell you that there are 5.2 million white females with diabetes in the United States 20 years and older out of a population of 84.7 million, and 2.2 million black females with diabetes out of a population of 14.0 million. What is the ratio (continued

questions 1-6

Answer 1

Answer : The descriptive epidemiology mean the study that focuses on the distribution of the disease as well as it's determinants. The descriptive epidemiology involves the frequency of the disease that is being spread.

The population in the epidemiology refers to the public and the group of people that are being exposed to disease or have risk of developing disease.

The measures of frequency in epidemiology includes the disease with reference to the population. It means the people affected with the disease or illness in the particular population. The association means the relation between the disease and the cause of the spread of the disease. The impact of the particular disease on the given population.

Ratio 1t can be defined as He relationshis betveen or number Khich indicate the the thoo number o times the fit number have second numla ProportionProportion is the part of number rom Rate The rate is the relation or the ratio between whole given Lontent two quantihes n cillerent unit.