Question

CAPSTONE CASsE B: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE whis Wha 8y Steven T. Fleing 7 Out the Cardiovascolar dsease is one of the leading causes of death in m developed countries. The Framingham study sand many others he contributed to a rich literature linking a number of eisk tactors, suh as obesity, high cholesterol, and smoking, to this disease, "Each the American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the C for Disease Control and Preventlon, the National Institutes of Heaith and other government agencies, brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and thei risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Strmke Stati cal Update. The Statistical Update is a valuable resource for researc ers, clinicians, healthcare policymakers, media prafessionals, the ley public, and many others who seek the best national data availabie o heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular disease-related mo bidity and mortality and the risks, quality of care, medical procedures and operations, and costs associated with the management of these diseases in a single document" (Go et al 2013, e7) yi 908 ha 12 QUESTIONS 1. What is descriptive epidemiology? 2. In epidemiology, what does the term population mean? 3 In epidemiology, what are measures of frequency, association, and impact? 4. What is the difference between a ratio, a proportion, and a rate 5- Suppose that a z012 report lists soo heart attacks, 75 among men in a population of 25.000 men and 25,000 Women. What is the ratio of heart attacks (men to women), the proportion of the heart attack report who are men, and the heart attack rate for men during 2012? 6. Suppose I were to tell you that there are 5-2 million white females with diabetes in the United States 20 years and older out of a population of 84-7 million, and 2.2 million black females with diabetes out ofa population of 14.0 million. What is the catio (co d

Answer 1

1.Epidemiology is defined as the study of distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified population,and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

2.In epidemiology ,the population term means *unit of study * in defined population or population at risk.

3.measures of frequency,association and impact in epidemiology:

*It helps to describe the distribution of health care problems,establish relationship between exposure and disease.

*It is main statistical resources employed in epidemiology.

*Evaluate the impact of preventive measures in the field of public health systems.

4.Difference

RATIO	RATE	PROPORTION
Expresses a relation in size between two random quantities.	It measures the occurrence of Development of disease or the occurrence of death in a population during given time period	It is a ratio which indicates the relation in magnitude of a part of the whole.
Expressed in the form of X:Y or X/Y.	Death rate=Number of deaths in one year/mid-year population.	Expressed as a *percentage*.

5.Ratio of heart attack(men to women)=no of men died/no of women died.

Ratio=75/25 or 75:25.

Proportion of heart attack for men=no of men died at a time/total number of men in that time×100

Proportion=75/25000×100

Proportion=0.3%

Heart attack rate for men during period=no of men died in one year/mud year population×1000

Rate=75/25,000×1000

Rate=1.5men died/1000 population

5. Ratio=5.2million white females with diabetes in population of 84.7 million/2.2million black females with diabetes out of population of 14.0 million

Ratio=72.8/186.34 or 72.8:186.34.