Question

Describe By mouth ROUTE ORAL (Tablet, capsule) buccal Advantages & Rate of absorption Most common, convenient, economical, rarely cause anxiety to pt - slow absorption Contraindications Unconscious or confused pt, irritate lining of GI tract Sublingual (SL) Intradermal (ID) Subcutaneous (SQ) Intramuscular (IM) Intravenous (IV) Trans-dermal Suppository

Answer 1

Answers to the above questions are as follows:-

ROUTE	DESCRIBE	ADVANTAGES & RATE OF ABSORPTION	CONTRAINDICATIONS
Buccal	Kept in between gums and inner part of cheeks	-By passes gastrointestinal tract - Convenient - Can be given to unconscoius patients -Painless - Can end the treatment at any time Rate- fast absorption	Contraindication: -oral surgery - fracture of facial bones, oral cavity Disadvantage: -small doses are given - Cannot be given in uncooperative patients - Interferes with eating, drinking and talking -only few drugs are available for buccal Route
Sublingual	Kept under the tongue Most common- Nitroglycerine	-By passes Gastrointestinal tract - Convenient and painless - Rapid onset of drug effect - Can end the treatment at any time Rate- Very fast absorption due to high vascularity	Contraindications: - Oral surgery - Fracture of Facial bones, oral cavity Disadvantages: - Cannot be given in uncooperative patients - Interferes with eating, drinking, talking - Only few drugs are available for this route
Intradermal	-Given just under the skin(dermis) at 10-15 degree angle Site- Anterior part of forearm Needle size- 25-27Gauge	- Slow absorption, so effective in showing up allergies without completely absorbing - Used for diagnosis of TB By Mantoux test Also, to give Local Anaesthesia Rate-Slow absorption	Contraindications: - presence of Skin Allergies - Burns Disadvantage: - Not more than 0.5ml can be administered - Painful - Cannot be given in uncooperative patients
Subcutaneous	Given via skin into the subcutaneous (Fatty) layer at 45 to 90 degree. Site:Middle third Anterior part of thighs -Around umbilicus - Outer aspect of outer arms Needle size: 25-27Guage	-Most commonly given Insulin, low molecular weight heparin - Can be easily self administered - Due to slow absorption, Action is prolonged Rate- Slow absorption	Contraindications: - Patients with extremely low body fat - Malnourished - Burns - open wounds Disadvantages: - Blister formation due to injection of medicine in the same area again and again - Mild to moderate pain - Cannot be given in uncooperative patients