Question

I have to do a remediation can someone please help me with three facts for

1. Acid-Base Imbalances: Ananlyzing arterial blood gases. Please three facts could be anything

2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Please three facts could be anything

Answer 1

When blood acid level is out of balance, it can mean your body isn't able to get rid carbon dioxide efficiently. This may happen because the  lungs aren't working well or kidneys can't get rid of the acid. A normal result is between 7.35 and 7.45.

An arterial blood gas analysis (ABG) measures the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the  blood to see how well lungs are working. It also measures the acid-base balance in the blood.kidneys and lungs keep this acid-base balance. When there is an imbalance in the enzyme system  blood has too much acid (acidosis) or too much base (alkalosis). Untreated, the imbalance can be harmful and even life-threatening.

The results of ABG will show several numbers. two most important are

• Partial pressure of oxygen, or PaO2. This measurement shows the pressure of oxygen in blood. Healthy adults will generally have a resting Pa02 greater than 80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

• Acid-base balance (pH). When carbon dioxide builds up in blood, it dissolves and creates an acid. If  blood acid level is out of balance, it can mean that thebody isn't able to get rid carbon dioxide efficiently. This may happen because the lungs aren't working well or your kidneys can't get rid of the acid. A normal result is between 7.35 and 7.45.

• Analysis of respiratory status

  First: examine pH value; if HIGH (above 7.45), ALKALOSIS is present
  THEN: examine CO2 LEVELS, If below 35 mmHg, RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS present
  IF: pH was low (below 7.35) and CO2 levels are High (above 45 mm Hg),
  RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS is present

• Respiratory Acidosis

  Findings:

• excess CO2 retention
• pH<7.35
• HCO3- > 28 mEq/L (if compensating)
• PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg

• Possible Causes:

• CNS depression from drugs, injury, or disease
• asphyxia
• hypoventilation due to pulmonary, cardiac, musculoskeletal, or neuromuscular disease

• Signs and Symptoms:

• diaphoresis
• headache

• Respiratory Alkalosis

  Findings:

• excess CO2 excretion
• pH > 7.45
• HCO3- < 24 mEq/L (if compensating)
• PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg

• Possible Causes:

• hyperventilation due to anxiety, pain, or improper ventilator settings
• respiratory stimulation caused by drugs, disease, hypoxia, fever, or high room temperature
• gram-negative bacteremia

• Signs and symptoms:

• rapid, deep breathing
• parasthesia
• light-headedness
• twitching
• anxiety
• fear
• tachycardia
• confusion
• restlessness
• apprehension

To detect metabolic conditions:

FIRST: examine pH values------High pH (above 7.45)
SECOND: examine CO2 levels (assumed to be normal)
THIRD: examine bicarb levels-----high bicarbonate (above 22 to 26 mEq/L)
Condition: METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

*opposite conditions indicate METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
FIRST: Low pH (below 7.35)
SECOND: Normal CO2 levels
THIRD: Low Bicarb levels

Metabolic Acid-Base Disorders

Metabolic Acidosis

Findings:

• HCO3- loss (acid retention)
• pH < 7.35
• HCO3- < 24 mEq/L
• PaCO2 > 35 mm Hg (if compensating)

Possible Causes:

• HCO3- depletion due to renal disease, diarrhea, or small-bowel fistulas
• excessive production of organic acids due to hepatic disease
• endocrine disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypoxia, shock, and drug intoxication

Signs and Symptoms

• rapid, deep breathing
• fatigue
• fruity breath
• headache
• drowsiness
• lethargy
• nausea
• vomiting
• coma (if severe)

Metabolic Alkalosis

Findings:

• HCO3- retention (acid loss)
• pH > 7.45
• HCO3- > 28 mEq/L
• PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg

Possible Causes:

• Inadequate excretion of acids due to renal disease
• Loss of hydrochloric acid from prolonged vomiting or gastric suctioning
• Loss of potassium due to increased renal excretion (as in diuretic therapy) or steroid overdose
• excessive alkali ingestion

Signs and Symptoms:

• slow, shallow breathing
• confusion
• hypertonic muscles
• twitching
• restlessness
• apathy
• irritability
• tetany
• coma (if severe)
• seizures

2.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of progressive lung diseases that obstruct airflow. COPD is a leading cause of death in the United States, affecting 16 million AmericansTrusted Source an

It’s characterized by increasing breathlessness, with symptoms developing slowly. Though there’s currently no cure for COPD, it’s often preventable and treatable. The most common cause is smoking.

ePeople with COPD can also have coughing, wheezing, and a tight feeling in their chest, but shortness of breath is often the first sign. T