Question

Can someone help me i have to write an Final Essays about this paper.

1. Please discuss the mechanisms that Clostridium tetani and botulinum, Streptococcus pneumonia and Trypanosome cruz and bruce. utilize to cause disease in the nervous system. You must state what disease these microorganisms cause . in addition, please discuss that host immune defenses that the microbes would have to overcome to be success fuel at causing disease (hint:) A. include the three routes of entry to gain access to the nervous system and the role of the blood brain barrier . (B) Explain what physical trauma has to do with microbial diseases of the nervous system. (C) include a discussion on quorum sensing, and its relationship to diseases in the nervous system. include a discussion what roles personal hygiene and sequential timing play tin microbial nervous system diseases. Please include methods to prevent Clostridium teatanu and botulinum from casing disease. Also, include a section on whether or not we can eradicate Trypanosome spp. and why we probably can to develop a vaccine for Trypanosome infections. Lastly, please include a section on the relationship between toxoids and Clostridumim retain and botulinum

Answer 1

Infections that affect the nervous system

Bacterial infections that affect the neurological system are tend to be serious and can be life threatening. These infections may cause functional impairment of brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves. There are various types of bacterias that cause disease of nervous system. Some of them are following :

Clostridium Tetani

It causes Tetanus. Tetanus is a serious and often fatal disease caused by the infection of an open wound with the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani., found in the soil and intestine and faeces of the animals. Spores( highly resistant resting stage of bacteria) that found in the contaminated soil become vegetative, when it comes in contact with the host cell and produces a powerful exotoxin.

Mechanism : The exotoxin produced by the Clostridium Tetani.interfers with the removal of acetylcholine from the junction of neurons( synapse) in the nervous system. This inhibition results in the muscle spasms, causes 'locked jaw' and fists. Also it causes paralysis of respiratory muscles, and impairment in heart function eventually death of the affected person.

Clostridium botulinum.

It causes Botulism, characterised by a descending flaccid paralysis. Clostridium botulinum ia Gram positive, anaerobic , spore forming organism. Through the ingestion of contaminated food, its spores become vegetative and produces an exotoxin that inturn affects the nervous system.

Mechanism: This exotoxin interferes with the release of acetylcholine in synapse in the neuro muscular junction. Nerve impulses cant be transmitted in the absence of acetylcholine, results in paralysis of muscles. It leafs to respiratory failure and death.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

It causes Pneumococcal meningitis. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram positive bacteria and is encapsulated. It can spread from person to person by respiratory secretions.

Mechanism:

Streptococcus pneumoniae enters through inhalation and colonize and cross through mucous membrane of pharynx and enters into the blood. It can cross blood - brain barrier. It causes infection in the meninges( covering of the brain) and initiates inflammation. In the absence of appropriate treatment it can results in serious nerve damage, tissue destruction, hearing loss and disabilities.

Trypanosoma brucei.

It is a protozoan parasites. It causes Trypanosomiasis ( sleeping sickness). It transmit through the bite of infected tsetse flies. Humans, domestic cattles and wild animals are the reservoir of the parasite. The disease might be acute or chronic characterised by appearance of chancre at the bite site, head ache, insomnia, anemia,rashes and enlargement of lymph nodes, fever and joint pain. If left untreated progress into unconsciousness and death.

Mechanism.

Infection occurs when the infected flies inject the metacyclic trypomastigotes into the blood while biting. After Some days trypomastigotes undergo asexual reproduction by binary fission. After a period of multiplication it may move into spinal fluid thus affects the central nervous system.

Trypanosoma cruzi

It causes Chagas disease( American Trypanosomiasis). It caused by the bite of a blood- sucking bugg called triatomine bugs. Transmission of the disease also occurs through blood transfusion by infected donor, ingestion of raw sugar cane in the infected areas. While ingesting, infected bugs excrete trypanosomes , it can enter through abrasions, conjunctiva and skin wounds. It can cross placental barrier and cause congenital disorders in chidren.

Mechanism

The trypomastigotes enter through wound openings or mucous membrane and enters into various cells, differentiate into amastigotes and multiply intracellularly. The amastigotes again differentiate into trypomastigotes and released back to blood stream. Lesion may form at the site of entry called chagoma. The symptoms may range from fever, anorexia and heart problems. The parasite then cause meningoencephalitis ones it cross the blood- brain barrier.

No prophylaxis for the African Trypanosomiasis and American Trypanosomiasis. Travelets should take precautions to avoid the bite of infected flies and bugs. Residual insecticides can be used to treat housing.

Antitoxin

Antitoxins are available for the acute infection case of Tetanus and botulism.

Vaccine.

DPT vaccine and Tetanus Toxoid are effective vaccine for Clostridium tetani infection.

Quoram sensing( ability to detect and respond to cell population density by gene regulation) can be prevented by quoram quenching( desrupting the signals of bacteria).

Personal hygiene plays an important role in preventing tetanus, botulism, chagas disease etc. Wear appropriate protective clothing and shoes while walking and working in fields.