Question

Case Study for Care Plan Assignment: fill each attached column with its appropriate answer, use the below scenario.

A retired 69-year-old man "Mr. Casey" with a 5-year history of type 2 diabetes. Although he was diagnosed 5 years ago he had symptoms indicating hyperglycemia for 2 years before diagnosis. His fasting blood glucose values of 118–127 mg/dl, which was explained to him as “borderline diabetes.” He also states he has had past episodes of nocturia with large pasta meals and Italian pastries. At the time of diagnosis, he was advised to lose 10 lbs.

Referred by his family physician to the diabetes clinic, Mr. Casey presented with recent weight gain, suboptimal diabetes control, and foot pain. He has been trying to lose weight and increase his exercise for the past 6 months without success. He had been started on glyburide (Diabeta), 2.5 mg every morning, but had stopped taking it because of dizziness, often accompanied by sweating and a feeling of mild agitation, in the late afternoon.

Mr. Casey also takes atorvastatin (Lipitor), 10 mg daily, for hypercholesterolemia. He has tolerated this medication and adheres to the daily schedule. During the past 6 months, he has also taken OTC medications to try to control his diabetes. He stopped these supplements when he did not see any positive results.

He does not test his blood glucose levels at home and expresses doubt that this procedure would help him improve his diabetes control.

Mr. Casey states that he has “never been sick a day in his life.” He is retired and volunteers locally. He lives with his wife of 48 years and has two married children. Although both his mother and father had type 2 diabetes, Mr. Casey has limited knowledge regarding diabetes self-care management and states that he does not understand why he has diabetes since he never eats sugar. In the past, his wife has encouraged him to treat his diabetes with herbal remedies and weight-loss supplements, and she frequently scans the Internet for the latest diabetes remedies.

During the past year, Mr. Casey has gained 22 lb. Since retiring, he has been more physically active, playing golf once a week and gardening, but he has been unable to lose more than 2–3 lb. He has never seen a dietitian and has not been instructed in self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Mr. Casey's diet history reveals excessive carbohydrate intake in the form of bread and pasta. His normal dinners consist of 2 cups of cooked pasta with homemade sauce and three to four slices of Italian bread. During the day, he often has “a slice or two” of bread with butter or olive oil. He also eats eight to ten pieces of fresh fruit per day at meals and as snacks. He prefers chicken and fish, but it is usually served with a tomato or cream sauce accompanied by pasta. His wife has offered to make him plain grilled meats, but he finds them “tasteless.” He drinks 8 oz. of red wine with dinner each evening. He stopped smoking more than 10 years ago.

The medical documents that Mr. Casey brings to his appointment indicate that his hemoglobin A_1c(A1C) has never been <8%. His blood pressure has been measured at 150/70, 148/92, and 166/88 mmHg on separate occasions during the past year at the local senior center screening clinic. Although he was told that his blood pressure was “up a little,” he was not aware of the need to keep his blood pressure ≤130/80 mmHg for both cardiovascular and renal health.

Mr. Casey has never had a foot exam as part of his primary care exams, nor has he been instructed in preventive foot care. However, his medical records also indicate that he has had no surgeries or hospitalizations, his immunizations are up to date, and, in general, he has been remarkably healthy for many years.

Physical Exam

A physical examination reveals the following:

• Weight: 178 lb; height: 5′2″; body mass index (BMI): 32.6 kg/m²

• Fasting capillary glucose: 166 mg/dl

• Blood pressure: lying, right arm 154/96 mmHg; sitting, right arm 140/90 mmHg

• Pulse: 88 bpm; respirations 20 per minute

• Eyes: corrective lenses, pupils equal and reactive to light and accommodation, Fundi-clear, no arteriolovenous nicking, no retinopathy

• Thyroid: nonpalpable

• Lungs: clear to auscultation

• Heart: Rate and rhythm regular, no murmurs or gallops

• Vascular assessment: no carotid bruits; femoral, popliteal, and dorsalis pedis pulses 2+ bilaterally

• Neurological assessment: diminished vibratory sense to the forefoot, absent ankle reflexes, monofilament (5.07 Semmes-Weinstein) felt only above the ankle

Lab Results

Results of laboratory tests (drawn 5 days before the office visit) are as follows:

• Glucose (fasting): 178 mg/dl (normal range: 65–109 mg/dl)

• Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dl (normal range: 0.5–1.4 mg/dl)

• Blood urea nitrogen: 18 mg/dl (normal range: 7–30 mg/dl)

• Sodium: 141 mg/dl (normal range: 135–146 mg/dl)

• Potassium: 4.3 mg/dl (normal range: 3.5–5.3 mg/dl)

• Lipid panel

  • Total cholesterol: 162 mg/dl (normal: <200 mg/dl)

  • HDL cholesterol: 43 mg/dl (normal: ≥40 mg/dl)

  • LDL cholesterol (calculated): 84 mg/dl (normal: <100 mg/dl)

  • Triglycerides: 177 mg/dl (normal: <150 mg/dl)

  • Cholesterol-to-HDL ratio: 3.8 (normal: <5.0)

• AST: 14 IU/l (normal: 0–40 IU/l)

• ALT: 19 IU/l (normal: 5–40 IU/l)

• Alkaline phosphotase: 56 IU/l (normal: 35–125 IU/l)

• A1C: 8.1% (normal: 4–6%)

• Urine microalbumin: 45 mg (normal: <30 mg) .

• LAB RESULTS INTERPRETATION

  PATIENT’S LAB RESULTS	NORMAL RANGE	NURSING INTERVENTIONS AND ACTIONS

  
  
  

Answer 1

LAB RESULTS INTERPRETATION

PATIENT’S LAB RESULTS	NORMAL RANGE	NURSING INTERVENTIONS AND ACTIONS
Glucose (fasting): 178 mg/dl	65–109 mg/dl	Medications to control diabetes and diabetes education on hyperglycemia diet and lifestyle modification. Can start the maintenance dose of glyburide (Diabeta) 1.25 mg instead of continuing with initial dose of 2.5 mg.
Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dl	0.5–1.4 mg/dl	No interventions as the value is normal
Blood urea nitrogen: 18 mg/dl	7–30 mg/dl	No interventions as the value is normal
Sodium: 141 mg/dl	135–146 mg/dl	No interventions as the value is normal
Potassium: 4.3 mg/dl	3.5–5.3 mg/dl	No interventions as the value is normal
Total cholesterol: 162 mg/dl	<200 mg/dl	No new interventions as the value is normal. Continue atorvastatin (Lipitor) 10 mg daily.
HDL cholesterol: 43 mg/dl	≥40 mg/dl	No new interventions as the value is normal. Continue atorvastatin (Lipitor) 10 mg daily.
LDL cholesterol (calculated): 84 mg/dl	normal: <100 mg/dl	No new interventions as the value is normal. Continue atorvastatin (Lipitor) 10 mg daily.
Triglycerides: 177 mg/dl	normal: <150 mg/dl	Continue atorvastatin (Lipitor) 10 mg daily with hypertriglyceridemia diet. Patient education on hypertriglyceridemia diet.
Cholesterol-to-HDL ratio: 3.8	normal: <5.0	No new interventions as the value is normal. Continue atorvastatin (Lipitor) 10 mg daily.
AST: 14 IU/l	normal: 0–40 IU/l	No interventions as the value is normal.
ALT: 19 IU/l	normal: 5–40 IU/l	No interventions as the value is normal.
Alkaline phosphotase: 56 IU/l	normal: 35–125 IU/l	No interventions as the value is normal.
A1C: 8.1%	normal: 4–6%	Medications to control diabetes and diabetes education on hyperglycemia diet and lifestyle modification. Can start the maintenance dose of glyburide (Diabeta) 1.25 mg instead of continuing with initial dose of 2.5 mg.
Urine microalbumin: 45 mg	normal: <30 mg	Start the patient on ACE inhibitors