Question

Please read the following abstract published in Nature, 1999 and answer the questions which follow Myopia and Nightlight Usage in Young Children Children with amin the child's light expos in a university pediat ict, glaucoma or a at present and beforalmology clinic con houring childhood prematurity were age of two Between January and June 1998, parents of children aged 2-16 years (median age 8.0 years n4479 children. 55% males; 70% Caucasian, 30% African-American, less than 1% Asian American) that were seen as outpatients in a university pediatric ophthalmology clinic completed a questionnaire on the child's light exposure both at present and before the age of two years. Children with amblyopia, cataract, glaucoma or a history of prematurity were excluded. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia during childhood was strongly associated with ambient light exposure during sleep at night in the first two years after birth (Fig. 1). The relation between refraction and night-time light was dose dependent, as a greater proportion of children became myopic if they slept at night during their first two years with room lighting rather than with a night light (r.80, p<0.01). An influence of ambient lighting during sleep on refractive development is plausible, because eyelids of human adults and infants transmit some visible light, mostly at longer wavelengths8. The scotopic retinal sensitivity of infants is relatively good compared with that of adults, particularly by the age of 18 weeks. Therefore, it is recommended that ...... Vos 2 T onabne ale 17. Based upon this research it can be concluded: noodloobozb a) nightlights cause of myopia in children (r.80, p <0.01) b) children under the age of 2 should not use nightlights c) additional research is needed to determine if nightlights cause myopia in children (dy none of the above SV 18. A friend comes to you and reports that she read a study which found that there was a correlation between the intake of carbohydrate, and the likelihood of developing heart disease. She wants to know if she should switch to a low carbohydrate diet. Based (only) on what she has told said, you tell her: 1s a) Just because higher intake of carbohydrate is associated with heart disease, it does not mean that carbohydrates cause heart disease. b) It is possible that increased intake of carbohydrates is also associated with other factors, like increased intake of fat, which may be the cause of heart disease. c) One way to establish causation is through a randomized controlled trial (d) all of the above noongebritiw nocled per lo evode or loob choudint den b le s lo lote ne bi bilo ni loro.se HONG san nicobs lo norabowo hid de ega oddeld 200 subalonogod bubanes vemos o

Answer 1

17)

C

18)

(d) all of the above

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