Question

wnat is the name of antigen results in excessive production of cytokines? How does M protein help bacteria infect cells? What are the frequently used portal of entry for pathogens? What is the function of bacterial ligands? Discuss the different types of reservoirs. What is the difference between communicable disease and noncommunicable disease? Give examples. What are the virulence factors that contribute to a pathogen's invasiveness? Describe the mode of action in evading and invading host cells for each of the followings: Leukocidins, hemolysins, kinase, coagulase, M protein, A-B exotoxins, capsule & fimbria Compare endotoxins and exotoxins in regards of: mode of production by bacterial cell, potency, fever production in host & bacterial species association (G+ or G-) When can opportunistic infections occur? How does it protect the host from infections?

Answer 1

QUESTION:

what is the name of antigen results inexcessive production of cytokines?

ANSWER:

Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically it causes non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release.

QUESTION:

How does M protein helps bacteria infect cells?

ANSWER:

M protein is a virulence factor that can be produced by certain species of Streptococcus. Viruses, parasites and bacteria are covered in protein and sugar molecules that help them gain entry into a host by counteracting the host's defenses. One such molecule is the M protein produced by certain streptococcal bacteria.M protein is strongly anti-phagocytic and is the major virulence factor for group A streptococci.

what are the frequently used portal entry for pathogens?

Mucosal surfaces are the most important portals of entry for microbes; these include the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the genitourinary tract.

QUESTION:

what is function of bacterial ligands?

ANSWER:

The bacterial ligand, called an adhesin, is typically a macromolecular component of the bacterial cell surface which interacts with the host cell receptor. Adhesins and receptors usually interact in a complementary and specific fashion.

QUESTION:

what is the difference between communicable and noncommunicable diseases?

ANSWER:

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Communicable disease refers to Non-communicable diseases occur in diseases that can pass from one one person and cannot be passed on to person to another. another person. Communicable diseases are also Non-communicable diseases are known as infectious diseases referred to as chronic Communicable diseases are more Non-communicable diseases tend to be likely to be acute, which means the chronic, which means they last a long disease develops quickly. time and progress slowly. Generally involves the lower Involves generally affluent class socioeconomic group Vehicles of transmission and the Dietary habits, environment and vectors play a major role in the lifestyle play a role in the causation of spread of disease. these diseases. Ex. common cold, pneumonia and Ex. Diabetes, Arthritis, High blood tuberculosis pressure, Scurvy