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22. What is present in the positive control tube that is not in the negative control tube? 23. List each step of a PCR cycle,
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22. A positive control tube will be the one which will give an amplified product for sure where as the negative control tube is the one which will not give any product in the end.

A positive control tube contains a template DNA where as the negative control tube does not contain this. Template DNA is chemically synthesized and is complementary to the primers used.

23. The first step of PCR is denaturation which takes place are temperature of around 95 degree Celsius and the duration of this step is 2 minutes per cycle.

The second step of PCR is annealing which takes place at a temperature of around 50 degree Celsius and the duration of this step is 120 seconds per cycle.

The third step of PCR is elongation which takes place at a temperature of around 70 degree Celsius and the duration of this step is also 120 seconds per cycle.

24. In denaturation step, the double stranded DNA helix is denatured at high temperature into single stranded DNA molecules both of which act as template for the synthesis of daughter DNA.

In the second step, annealing, primers bind to 3 prime end of both the strands in a complementary manner.

In the last step, amplification, taq polymerase amplifies the daughter DNA molecule by using primer which have already bind in the annealing step.

25. Number of copies of product formed after n cycles of PCR = 2^n

Here n is 8.

The number of copies of product formed will be 2^8 = 256 copies

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