Describe how thyroid hormone secretion is regulated. Explain how this system is affected by (a) iodine...
Describe how thyroid hormone secretion is regulated. Explain how this system is affected by (a) iodine deficiency and (b) ingestion of thyroid hormone pills
Homework Answers
The thyroid gland is one of the largest glands, which produces two hormones that are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It is located in the neck region, below the laryngeal prominence.
The thyroid hormones play an important role in growth and development of an organism. It also regulates rate of function of many other systems. The release of thyroid hormones is stimulated by TSH. The TSH is produced by anterior pituitary. The production of TSH is stimulated by TRH, which is produced by hypothalamus.
(a)
The iodine deficiency causes hypothyroidism because of insufficient thyroid hormone production.
(b)
The thyroid hormone pills are synthetic thyroid hormones, which are used to treat hypothyroidism.
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Describe how thyroid hormone secretion is regulated. Explain how
this system is affected by (a) iodine...
Explain the histology of the thyroid gland, how thyroid hormone is synthesized in the epithelial cells...
Explain the histology of the thyroid gland, how thyroid hormone is synthesized in the epithelial cells of the follicle, such as the iodine trap, the hypothalamus-adenohypohysis-thyroid gland axis and negative feedback regulation, the regulation using iodine, the intracellular signaling pathways within the adenohypophysis and the thyroid gland, autoregulation of thyroid hormone production, factors regulating thyroid hormone levels, actions of thyroid hormones, mechanism of action of thyroid hormone (TRE-receptor interaction, coactivators, corepressors), major genes whose expression is changed (e.g., Na+/K+-ATPase), the...
4. a) Describe the measurement of thyroid uptake following the administration of radioiodine (iodine-123) to a pati...
4. a) Describe the measurement of thyroid uptake following the administration of radioiodine (iodine-123) to a patient. 14] b) Calculate the thyroid uptake for a patient if the administered iodine-123 activity was 40 MBq, the aliquot standard activity was 2 MBq and the average patient, standard and background measurements are 63945, 12998 and 200 counts respectively (assume same counting time for all measurements). c) Calculate the equivalent dose to the thyroid if the absorbed dose was 5 mGy assuming pure...
. Define hormone . Describe paracrine communication. Identify four mechanisms of intercellular communication. List t...
. Define hormone . Describe paracrine communication. Identify four mechanisms of intercellular communication. List the three types of hormones based on their chemical structure. Provide examples of each type Describe the process of hormones that communicate with the plasma membrane receptors. . What primary factor determines each cell's hormonal sensitivities? . Identify the two lobes of the pituitary gland. How do they differ structurally and functionally? . List and discuss the functions of the 9 pituitary hormones Describe the feedback...
The condition hypothyroidism is characterized by a decrease in the synthesis and secretion of the chemical...
The condition hypothyroidism is characterized by a decrease in the synthesis and secretion of the chemical thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland, which is an organ in the neck that belongs to the endocrine system. Explain how this condition involves all levels of organization in the body.
Multiple-choice/True-false/Matching: 1. The thyroid parafollicular cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). a) true b) false 2. The...
Multiple-choice/True-false/Matching: 1. The thyroid parafollicular cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). a) true b) false 2. The sebaceous glands are examples of endocrine glands. a) true b) false 3. An exophthalmic goiter is caused by a deficiency of iodine. a) true b) false 4. Which pancreatic hormone acts to increase blood glucose levels? a) GHRH b) GnRH c) insulin d) FSH e) glucagon 5. The target organs for FSH are both the ovaries and the testes. a) true b) false 6....
no explaination is needed 21. Iodine deficiency promotes the formation of enlarged thyroid glands (goitre) because...
no explaination is needed
21. Iodine deficiency promotes the formation of enlarged thyroid glands (goitre) because a) more thyroid hormones are now produced in the thyroid gland. b) the thyroid gland switches to production of a different hormone. e) reduced levels of thyroid hormones fail to prevent stimulation of thyroid gland by TRH and TSH. d) iodine now needs to be synthesized in the thyroid gland. 22. An unequal distribution of ions inside and outside of a nerve cell is...
Primary hypothyroidism is caused by a dysfunctional or nonfunctional thyroid gland. Describe the endocrine axis that...
Primary hypothyroidism is caused by a dysfunctional or nonfunctional thyroid gland. Describe the endocrine axis that regulates the secretion of thyroid hormone, including all organs and hormones that are a part of it. What effect does thyroid hormone have on its target tissues and organs? Which of the afore-mentioned hormones would you expect to find above normal levels in an individual with primary hypothyroidism? Vaccination provides immunity to specific pathogens and is an important means of reducing infectious diseases within...
Briefly describe the function of the nephron (filtration, resorption, secretion): If a patient has hypovolemia, how...
Briefly describe the function of the nephron (filtration, resorption, secretion): If a patient has hypovolemia, how does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) correct this to a euvolemic (normal volume) state? Briefly describe the process:
Describe in general terms how an archaeological artifact is dated using carbon-14. The thyroid gland is...
Describe in general terms how an archaeological artifact is dated using carbon-14. The thyroid gland is interesting in that it is practically the only place in the body where the element iodine is used. How have radio-tracers been used to study and treat illnesses of the thyroid gland? UTKACHE
The results of Felix’s thyroid function labs indicate that he has hypothyroidism. (a) Discuss the normal...
The results of Felix’s thyroid function labs indicate that he has hypothyroidism. (a) Discuss the normal negative feedback loop that regulates thyroid hormone release, starting with the hypothalamus. (b) Briefly describe how the thyroid gland responds to TSH. (c) Suppose that Felix’s levels of TSH and T4 were both abnormally low. Considering the normal negative feedback loop regulating the thyroid gland, explain how these lab results are possible.
4. a) Describe the measurement of thyroid uptake following the administration of radioiodine (iodine-123) to a patient. 14] b) Calculate the thyroid uptake for a patient if the administered iodine-123 activity was 40 MBq, the aliquot standard activity was 2 MBq and the average patient, standard and background measurements are 63945, 12998 and 200 counts respectively (assume same counting time for all measurements). c) Calculate the equivalent dose to the thyroid if the absorbed dose was 5 mGy assuming pure...
. Define hormone . Describe paracrine communication. Identify four mechanisms of intercellular communication. List the three types of hormones based on their chemical structure. Provide examples of each type Describe the process of hormones that communicate with the plasma membrane receptors. . What primary factor determines each cell's hormonal sensitivities? . Identify the two lobes of the pituitary gland. How do they differ structurally and functionally? . List and discuss the functions of the 9 pituitary hormones Describe the feedback...
Multiple-choice/True-false/Matching: 1. The thyroid parafollicular cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). a) true b) false 2. The sebaceous glands are examples of endocrine glands. a) true b) false 3. An exophthalmic goiter is caused by a deficiency of iodine. a) true b) false 4. Which pancreatic hormone acts to increase blood glucose levels? a) GHRH b) GnRH c) insulin d) FSH e) glucagon 5. The target organs for FSH are both the ovaries and the testes. a) true b) false 6....
no explaination is needed
21. Iodine deficiency promotes the formation of enlarged thyroid glands (goitre) because a) more thyroid hormones are now produced in the thyroid gland. b) the thyroid gland switches to production of a different hormone. e) reduced levels of thyroid hormones fail to prevent stimulation of thyroid gland by TRH and TSH. d) iodine now needs to be synthesized in the thyroid gland. 22. An unequal distribution of ions inside and outside of a nerve cell is...
Briefly describe the function of the nephron (filtration, resorption, secretion): If a patient has hypovolemia, how does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) correct this to a euvolemic (normal volume) state? Briefly describe the process:
Describe in general terms how an archaeological artifact is dated using carbon-14. The thyroid gland is interesting in that it is practically the only place in the body where the element iodine is used. How have radio-tracers been used to study and treat illnesses of the thyroid gland? UTKACHE
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