Question

7. The data table below provides the same line item data from state budgets in North Dakota; however, now the data has been adjusted for inflation. All of the data is given in terms of 2003 dollars. Calculate the inflation adjusted per capita expenditure (amount paid per state resident in terms of 2003 dollars) for each of the three given line items (higher education, transportation, and total budget) both in 2003 and again in 2014. Record your answers in the table at the bottom of the page (or in some similar table) using correct units of measure. Write a few sentences that interpret these results and compare and contrast the changes in inflation adjusted per capita spending in these line items over this time period. (No calculations need to be shown. Make sure the quantities in your statements include both accurate numbers and appropriate units of measure.)

State of North Dakota
Year	inflation adjusted budget line items			Population of the State
	Higher Education (in millions of 2003 dollars)	Transportation (in millions of 2003 dollars)	Total Budget (in millions of 2003 dollars)
2003	230	385	2496	631,680
2004	234	387	2495	635,480
2005	256	425	2644	634,528
2006	266	457	2687	636,019
2007	270	395	2731	637,534
2008	311	384	2871	640,525
2009	334	508	3459	645,903
2010	342	551	4047	674,526
2011	308	691	4284	685,476
2012	311	728	4352	702,087
2013	398	1169	5108	724,019
2014	439	1469	5625	739,904

State of North Dakota
Year	budget line items			Population of the State
	Higher Education (in millions of dollars)	Transportation (in millions of dollars)	Total Budget (in millions of dollars)
2003	230	385	2496	631,680
2014	439	1469	5625	739,904
Year	Inflation Adjusted Per Capita Expenditure			Population of the State
	Higher Education	Transportation	Total Budget
2003				631,680
2014				739,904

8. The governor of the state of North Dakota may be interested in the opinions of the residents of his/her state when it comes to state spending. There are too many residents to talk to everyone so the governor’s office may choose to sample legal voters from within the state. (On a side note, North Dakota is the only state that does not require potential voters to register prior to voting. A legal voter in the state of North Dakota is anyone who is a U.S. citizen, is at least 18 years old on election day, is a resident of North Dakota, and is a resident of the precinct for at least 30 days preceding the election.) There are about 504,000 legal voters in North Dakota.

The governor’s office believes that opinions may differ based on gender and age. The governor’s office plans therefore to collect a stratified random sample of 1000 legal voters, blocking for both age and gender. Of the 504,000 legal voters in the state, 67,000 are females who are at least 60 years old, 181,000 are females between the ages of 18 and 60, 59,000 are males who are at least 60 years old, and 197,000 are males who are between the ages of 18 and 60. In order to guarantee that the sample represents each age/gender group proportionally, how many people from each group (women at least 60 years old, men at least 60 years old, women between 18 and 60 years old, and men between 18 and 60 years old) should be included in the governor’s sample?

In your report, describe in detail a sampling procedure that the governor’s office could use to select the citizens to be surveyed. Make sure every person from each group has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Be sure to include how to block for age and gender.

9. Assume that the governor’s office mailed out surveys to the 1000 citizens selected in the stratified random sample described in question #8. Of those, 106 were returned from females who were at least 60 years old, 144 were returned from females who were between the ages of 18 and 60, 94 were returned from males who were at least 60 years old, and 156 were returned from males who were between the ages of 18 and 60. What type of bias, if any, (response/measurement bias, non-response bias, or selection bias) would this introduce? Explain. What groups were most under-represented in the sample? Explain using quantitative data.

10. One question the governor’s office considered putting on the survey was this: “North Dakota is increasingly attracting more high skill, high wage jobs. In light of this would you support increasing proportion of the state budget devoted to higher education?” What type of bias, if any, (response/measurement bias, non-response bias, or selection bias) would have this question introduced? Explain.

Answer 1

As per HomeworkLib policy i answered the first question

7) Date: -31/7/2019 Year Inflation Adjusted Per Capital Expenditure Population of the State Higher Transportatioon Total Education Budget 3951.37 2003 364.11 609,49 631,680 1985.39 2014 593.32 7602.34 739,904 To arrive at the per capita numbers, we have simply divided each of the item (which are in milions) by the population number. All three items show growth over the 10 year period however the expenditure on Transportation almost tripled which could reflect the investments in improving infrastructure as well as relative importance of improved transportation among the general public The share of higher education has dropped from 9.21% in 2003 to 7.80% in 2014 At the same time, the share of Transportation has increased from 15.42% to 26.12% The cagr of transportation in these 11 years has been 11.33% p.a. and for higher education it was 4.54% and for per capita budget overall it was 6.12%. Hence the share of transportation grew faster than the growth in the per capita budget. This could also reflect the changing demographics of the state where the number of people in higher education age group may be less (reduced demand) compared to older population who will require and demand better transportation