Question

I want to make a 3 to 5 page report on the modulation index

Answer 1

AM modulation index basics

The term, Modulation Index, is used for a number of forms of modulation, including AM, and obviously for the different types of modulation, there are different methods of obtaining the index.

It is useful to define the modulation index for amplitude modulation.

Amplitude Modulation Index definition:

The modulation index of an amplitude modulated signal is defined as the measure or extent of amplitude variation about an un-modulated carrier.

In other words the amplitude modulation index describes the amount by which the modulated carrier envelope varies about the static level.

This can be expressed in mathematical terms as below:

Modulation Index, m=M/A

Where:
A = the carrier amplitude.
M = the modulation amplitude and is the peak change in the RF amplitude from its un-modulated value.

Using the equation above it can be seen that a modulation index of 0.75 means that the signal will increase by a factor of 0.75 and decrease to 0.25 of its original level.

A modulation index of 1 is the maximum level of modulation that can normally be applied and occurs when the envelope increases by a factor of 1, i.e. twice the steady state value, and falls to zero.

AM modulation depth basics

The amplitude modulation AM modulation depth figure is complementary to the modulation index.

Typically the modulation depth is the amplitude modulation index expressed as a percentage.

In this way an AM modulation index of 0.75 would be expressed as a modulation depth of 75%.

In reality the terms AM modulation index and the AM modulation depth are often used interchangeably, so there are often no hard and fast rules regarding their use.

AM modulation index examples

It is helpful to see some examples of amplitude modulated waveforms with different levels of modulation index.

The most widely seen modulation level is for a signal that has 100% modulation. Under these circumstances the signal level falls to zero and rises to twice the value with no modulation. In this case the voltage rises to a maximum of twice the normal level – this means that the power will be four times that of the quiescent value, i.e. 22 the value of the no modulation level.

Maximum level reaches twice no modulation level Level with no modulation

Amplitude modulated signal with 100% modulation

If less than 100% modulation is applied, then the carrier will not fall to zero, no will it rise to twice the level, but the deviation will be less than this from the quiescent level. The diagram below shows a level of 50% modulation, but the principle holds good for any value between 0 and 100% modulation.

+50% +0% -50% _Level with no modulation

Amplitude modulated signal with 50% modulation

Levels greater than 100% modulation

If the level of modulation is raised up above a modulation index of 1, i.e. more than 100% modulation this causes what is termed over-modulation.

The carrier experiences 180° phase reversals where the carrier level would try to go below the zero point. These phase reversals give rise to additional sidebands resulting from the phase reversals (phase modulation). These sideband caused by the phase reversal extend out, in theory to infinity. This can cause serious interference to other users if not filtered.

Maximum level reaches more than twice no modulation level Level with no modulation Carrier exhibits phase reversal

Amplitude modulation signal with more than 100% modulation

Broadcast stations using amplitude modulation take measures to ensure that the carriers or signals for their transmissions never become over modulated. The transmitters incorporate limiters to prevent more than 100% modulation.

They also normally incorporate automatic audio gain controls to keep the audio levels such that near 100% modulation levels are achieved for most of the time. In this way the signal sounds clearer and stronger when demodulated. The audio processor may also clip the audio if it becomes very close to the 100% modulation level. This will ensure that the carrier is not over-modulated.

if an audio clipper is used, then this will need to be followed by an audio filter as clipping introduces audio harmonics which may fall outside the permitted audio bandwidth for the transmission - if the audio went un-filtered, then the high audio frequencies would cause the overall transmitted signal to have a wide bandwidth as the bandwidth of an amplitude modulated signal is twice that of the highest audio frequency.

Many stations use very sophisticated audio processors to provide the maximum level of audio on the carrier, to provide the "loudest" audio without over modulating the carrier.

Monitoring modulation level

For any transmitting station using amplitude modulation, it is necessary to ensure that the signal is not over-modulated. This is particularly important for AM broadcast stations where there will be strict limits on the levels of interference that are generated. If the modulation levels are too high, then the signal may be over-modulated and interference caused.

Regulators will take a dim view of high levels of interference, and users will also suffer.

Even though audio limiters will be incorporated, it is still necessary to be able to monitor the set-up and ensure that everything is working correctly.