Question

Selection
Viability selection
Absolute fitness
Relative fitness
Marginal fitness of an allele
Mutation-selection equilibrium (or ballance)
Biological species concept
Prezygotic isolation
Postzygotic isolation
Haldane's rule
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Parapatric speciation
Peripheral isolate
Reinforcement (relating to speciation)
Monophyletic group
Paraphyletic group
Synapomorphy
Symplesiomorphy
Maximum likelihood
Maximum parsimony
Bootstrapping
Gene tree
KA/KS

Answer 1

Selection - differential survival and reproduction of individuals in their lifetime due to differences in their phenotype.

Viability selection - survival on individuals till they reach their reproductive stage and produce viable offsprings.

Absolute fitness - fitness (number of offsprings produced by an individual during their lifetime) of an individual in its environment.

Relative fitness - fitness of an individual with respect to the most fit individual in the population.

Marginal fitnes of an allele - expected fitness of an allele in a genotype.

Mutation selection equilibrium - deleterious mutation in an allele which is then eliminated by selection.

Biological species concept - group of individuals which interbreed amongst themselves and are reproductively isolated from individuals of other population.

Prezygotic isolation - reproductive barriers in which zygote formation does not occur, individuals do not mate at all.

Postzygotic isolation - reproductive barrier in which an inviable or sterile zygote is formed which cannot persist or reproduce further.

Haldane rule - if one sex of a hybrid is sterile, then it may be heterogametic in nature.

Allopatric speciation - caused due to reproductive isolation between species living in different areas of geography.

Parapatric speciation - caused due to species living in adjacent areas due to narrow zone of overlap.

Sympatric speciation - caused due to genetic polymorphism between individuals living in same area.

Peripheral isolate - peripatric speciation, caused due to isolation of population at periphery.

Reinforcement - increase in reproductive isolation between species due to natural selection.

Monophyletic group - includes an ancestor and all its descendents.

Paraphyletic group - includes an ancestor and some of its descendents.

Synapomorphy - shared advanced characters between an ancestor and its descendents.

Symplesiomorphy - shared primitive characters between an ancestor and its descendents.

Maximum likelihood - phylogenetic tree making method based on occurence of similar sequences between taxa. More similar the taxa are, more closely they are placed.

Maximum parsimony - phylogenetic tree making method based on occurence of mutations between taxa. More number of mutations, less closely placed the taxa are.

Bootstrapping - phylogenetic tree analyzing method, shows confidence between taxa placed at different branches, bootstrap value of 75% is a good amount of confidence and if it is less then 75%, then it is rejected, those branches/relationships are cancelled.

Gene tree - phylogenetic tree made on the basis of DNA sequences of organisms.

KA/KS - ratio of non synonymous to synonymous mutations in a sequence.

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