Which of the following is NOT TRUE of unsaturated fatty acids?
a. Unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature because the bent chains that result from double bonds occupy more space than saturated fatty acids and do not pack together well.
b. By definition unsaturated fatty acids are essential fatty acids.
с. Inserting double bonds into a fatty acid chain is a strategy for adapting to cold weather.
d. All fatty acids yield the same amount of energy (9 kcal per gram) whether saturated or unsaturated, omega-3, omega-6. or omega-9. regardless of chain length.
Which of the following statements regarding protein quality or protein needs is TRUE?
a. The RDA for protein is 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight for sedentary workers, but 1.7 g per kilogram of body weight four athletes.
b. Vegans cannot obtain sufficient essential amino acids for growth and repair.
c. Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) evaluates protein quality based on weight gain compared to protein consumed.
d. It is necessary to consume complementary proteins at the same meal.
Which of the following statements regarding protein quality is NOT TRUE?
a. Net protein utilization (NPU) is the ratio of amino acids converted to protein to amino acids supplied by diet.
b. Eggs rank among the highest quality proteins.
c. Red meat is the highest quality dietary protein.
d. Biological value (BV) measures the proportion of absorbed protein that becomes body protein.
Which of the following statements is TRUE of athletes and their physical performance with regard to protein and fat needs?
a. Endurance athletes need at least 30% of calories from protein.
b. For strength athletes, protein is the most efficient source of fuel.
c. For endurance athletes, meeting increased energy (calorie) demands with natural foods supplies sufficient protein.
d. For endurance athletes, fat is the most important source of fuel.
ANS 1)
let's see this option wise :
A) Unsaturated fatty acids due to their double bonds cannot pack together as efficiently as saturated fats. This is due to a kink or bends introduced by double bonds. Thus, unsaturated fatty acids tend to remain as liquids than to be as compact solids. (hence this option is true and not the answer).
B) By definition, unsaturated fatty acids are fatty acids with double bonds. Not all unsaturated fatty acids are essential fatty acids for example, Omega-9 unsaturated fatty acids are synthesized in the body. (Hence this option in the question is NOT TRUE and the right answer).
c) In the cold conditions, cells maintain unsaturated fatty acids more in the cell membrane than saturated fatty acids. The reason being is that unsaturated fatty acid will not form crystals in the membrane in cold conditions and maintain membrane fluidity. Whereas saturated fats would form crystals and damage the membrane fluidity. For the same reason, animal cells in the colder regions maintain high unsaturated fatty acids in their cell membrane. (Hence this option is TRUE but not the answer).
D) The amount of energy released per gram does depend on a chain length, as the chain length increases the number of acetyl co A molecules obtained per chain increases, in turn, increasing the number of citric acid cycles and ATP. To add another point unsaturated fatty acids yield slightly less energy when compared to saturated fatty acids of the same chain length.
(this option is not TRUE hence the right answer)
in short: the chain length of fatty acid is directly proportional to the energy.
ANS 2)
A) The recommended daily allowance of protein for sedentary workers is -0.8g per kg and for athletes, it is 1.4-18 grams per Kg. RDA of protein helps to replace the amount of protein lost from our body. In athletes, higher RDA is prescribed to fill up the loss and also to elevate their muscle mass. Inturn improved muscles help them to better their performances. (This option is TRUE and right).
B) There is a huge controversy regarding the vegan diet and essential nutrients. Few papers suggest that lack of proper planning often leads to protein deficiency in vegan diets. Here the food is not the problem rather the planning and choice of food they are taking are. Hence by following the correct diet regime even vegans can get all the essential nutrients.(FALSE and wrong )
c) PDCAAS evaluated the quality of protein through following formulae
PDCAAS = mg of limiting amino acid in test food sample/mg of limiting amino acid in the reference * fecal true digestibility percentage.
Through these variables, it is clear that PDCAAS does not use weight gain rather it depends on the ease of digestibility and amount of limiting amino acids in the food sample. (hence this option is FALSE AND WRONG).
D) A recent publication on the plant food and complementary protein intake shows that it is not necessary to have complementary proteins at the same meal. The different meals had in the day can substitute the need. (hence this option is WRONG AND FALSE)
3 ANS)
A) NPU is calculated by taking the ratio of amino acid mass converted to protein to the amino acids supplied through diet. However this is not an ideal method to test the quality, PDCAAS is a modern method used now. (Option is TRUE AND not the right answer).
B) An egg has a high NPU rate of 1 and packs lots of essential amino acids like leucine hence it is the source of highest quality proteins. (option is true and not the right answer).
c) Red meat is not the highest quality of proteins rather egg, fish are. the highest quality is assigned to the source with all the essential and nonessential amino acids. ( option is false and the right answer)
D) Biological value calculates the amount of protein that becomes assimilated into the body. (hence this option is true but not the answer)
biological value is calculated using below formula :
BV = nitrogen absorbed in proteins from test diet / Nitrogen assimilated in the body from test diet *100
4ans)
A) The total protein intake can be roughly divided into the protein that is used to make energy and protein that goes to build muscles. athletes need twice the amount of protein taken by adults and the amount that 15 to 10 percent should contribute to the calories. (Option is false and not the right answer).
B) For any athlete or an individual carbohydrate is the best source of fuel. reason being that carbohydrate is easily oxidizable when compared to fats and proteins. carbohydrates more oxygen with them making them readily oxidizable.(option is wrong and false).
C) wrong, for endurance athletes, there should be added supplementary foods to meet protein demand. In endurance sports athletes tend to lose their protein mass more than strength athletes. Hence they require supplementation.( option is wrong and not the right answer).
D) Although fat does not give a sudden burst of energy, for endurance sports where muscles have used all the available carbohydrates fats move in as a primary source of energy. (hence option is true and the right answer )