Question

2 - how do sanctions encourage governments to keep their treaty promises? -

Answer 1

Sanctions when imposed by United Nations organizations (Security Council), European Union and other government bodies then any governments will work as per the treaty signed by that country in global peace and development order or globalized world. For example, When UNO poses sanction on IRAN's nuclear program. Then, they officially declared that not to make such weapons.

Such sanctions cause economic limitation and huge loss the image of that country to which it will be imposed. Second, that country will be forced to fulfil the desired state of any international multiparty treaty if were signed.

Let us assume another example, If, US government impose sanctions on Chinese organizations then government of

china might set new norms for its companies operating in USA. It is because of the fact that they will be remember the future challnges and loss due to breach of US regulations.