Question

you can define each of the following concepts in your own words

• phenomenological theory
• crime as a construct
• Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)
• “actuarial” criminology
• conformity
• cultural criminology
• deviance
• ethnomethodology
• labelling perspectives
• ontology
• primary deviance
• secondary deviance
• self-concept
• social order
• stigma
• symbol
• symbolic interactionism
• typification

Answer 1

Phenomenological theory - This theory talks about how individuals make sense between action, situation and reality by building relationship with what is happening in the reality.

Crime as a construct-It talks about how Perspective of crime changes in a society. For eg. Previously Homosexuality was considered as a crime but now as the perspectives changed now the perspective of people looking on it has changed and Homosexuality accepted by the society.

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

These are a set of principles designed in such a way that will discourage crime and promote building security.For eg. Natural Surveillance like installation of CCTV can be used to discourage crime.

“actuarial” criminology- This concept was developed by Jonathon Simon in 1988 which uses techniques of statistics in a defined population in order to Predict and manage the crime bases on comparing and ranking.The aim was not to cure it but to predict crime.

Conformity- Conformity is how much you adhere to certain rules and regulations.

Cultural criminology- It seeks crime from the context of culture.It view culture as a motivating factor for a person to commit crime.

Deviance- Deviance is any violent behaviour shown by any individual which is not acceptable in the society.

Ethnomethodology-It is a study of how social order is achieved through process of social interaction.

Labelling perspectives- It talks about how people in society label an individual based on what he has done. Different people react differently to a situation and observers will label them as per their observational perspective.

Ontology- It is a branch of Metaphysics which seeks answers for the existence of things like the star, the moon, the universe, why they exist?

Primary deviance- It is a very mild form of deviant behaviour shown by any individual.

Secondary deviance- the deviant behaviour shown by any individual when the society already labelled him/her as deviant.

Self-concept- Set of ideas and beliefs an individual possess for himself shaped by others perspectives about him.

Social order- Forces present within the society to remain in a social structure to maintain a balanced system.

Stigma- When society see an individual from negative perspective he will feel neglected and negative attitude like fear from being with the society grows which is called as Stigma.

Symbol- Symbol is a form of expression to express certain ideas, beliefs, image and action.

Symbolic interactionism- It focuses on the relationship existing among individuals in a society. It focuses on looking at social interaction by observing through signs and symbols of individuals.

Typification-It is a concept of building and shaping ideas about people and society based on relying on one's general knowledge rather than building knowledge through personal experience.