Question

1. List the three sources of energy that muscles use during contraction. Which one is the most efficient? Which one is the least efficient?

2. Describe two ways in which the lack of ATP production results in rigor mortis.

3. List and describe each step of a muscle contraction, starting from a signal from the brain and ending with crossbridge cycle.

4. List the 4 different blood types. For each blood type label what blood type can be donated to them. Which blood type is the universal receiver? Which is the universal donor?

5. List the components of the blood including all formed elements and any dissolved solutes. Why is blood considered a connective tissue?

6. Explain the ionic differences in action potentials between pacemaker cells, contractile cardiac cells, and skeletal muscle.

Answer 1

1.creatine phosphate, muscle glycogen, stored atp

More efficient is Stored ATP

Least efficient :creatine phosphate

2.muscle contracts when myosin shift, but lack of ATP prevent it from detaching, the muscle remains contracted, so all muscle of body become rigid

3.steps of muscle contraction

A nerve muscle impulse travels down an axon and causes the release of acetyle choline - - - - >the sliding of myofibrils draws z line together, sarcomere shorten, muscle fibers contract. (nerve stimulation--->ca2++ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum--->formation of strong binding state--> cross bridge movement begins---->cross beidge movement comoleted(myosin no longer locked)--> ATP binds to cross bridge. Formayiin of weak binding site.

4.it determined by absence or presence of two antigen A, B

Group A, Group B, Group AB, Group O

Universal receiver Group AB+

If o positive then receive from o+ o-

If A positive then receives from A+ A- O+ O-

If B postive the receives from B+ B- O+ O-

If AB postive then receives from ALL BLOOD TYPES

Universal donor:Group O-

5.blood contains plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets

Plasma contains water, salt, protein

6.at pacemaker cell:depolarising current carried by cell primarily by relatively slow ca2++ current instead of fast Na++ current

At contractile cardiac cell likely same as pacemaker cell

Skeletal muscle:more k+ on inside than outside.