Question

1. 
   Different live replicating or non-replicating virus engineered to carry gone CELL NUCLEUS Viral vector transcribes the engineered gone in the cytoplasm or enters the nucleus for transcription 000000 000000 DNA is transcribed into mRNA SARS-CoV-2 surface protein gone VIRAL VECTOR VACCINE Plasmid enters nucleus of the hostoel HOST CELL A plasmid is synthesised that encodes the genes for the SARS-CoV-2 surface protein RNA can self-amplify inside the cell in some RNA vaccine systems mRNA is translated to produce SARS-CoV 2 surface protein SARS-CoV-2 surface protein gene Virus replicates inside cell DNA VACCINE Messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding SARS-CoV 2 surface protein gone Replicated virus buds on col surface and induces a strong immune response The virus induces an immune response directly, as well as entering cells and replicating RNA VACCINE Y SARS-CoV-2 virus is weakened or a recoded version of the virus is synthesised SARS-CoV-2 surface protein synthesised and combined with adjuvant to enhance immune response LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE SARS-CoV-2 surface protein released PROTEIN-BASED VACCINE IMMUNE RESPONSE Antibodies produced in response to SARS-CoV2 surface protein
   Scientists at the University of Iowa are working on a live, genetically COVID-19 vaccine. They have inserted the genes that encode COVID-19 envelop protein a virus (parainfluenza). In the diagram, 1) viral vector vaccine. Parainfluenza virus causes mild influenza-like symptoms.

1. Diagram or explain the steps that were taken to get the COVID RNA into the parainfluenza host. Remember to make the parainfluenza virus non-pathogenic.

2. How can Pfizer scale up production of the genetically engineered parainfluenza virus to produce quantities enough for mass vaccination? Hint: a bioreactor suitable for bacterial growth will not work for a virus.

3. Which step of viral replication would be interrupted by antibodies developed in response to the vaccine?