Question

5) Describe list or diagram) the steps of an action potential and the changes in membrane potential and ion flow that occur at each step 6) Describe the differences in neural regenerative processes (or if none, why not) at the cellular level and prognosis (outcome) expected for three patients suffering from workplace accidents: Jose has had a brief peripheral nerve crush injury, Brian has had a brief spinal cord crush injury at T6, and Marion had long-term exposure to lead in the workplace which has caused demyelination. Neil enjoys playing with a fidget spinner toy as he studies for his A&P exam as he feels the slight vibration while it spins helps him concentrate. Outline the pathway the vibration sensation will travel after leaving the sense organs in his fingers to reach its final destination in his brain, being SPECIFIC about the structures along the way. 8) Compare the specific LOCATION (defining each term used in describing the location), PROCEDURE and REASON for: a spinal tap, an epidural block, a spinal block.

Answer 1

Ans 5 Paget Action Potential Arrives 1 Action Potential reaches axonal Teemisal and depolarised membrane o voltage gated Ca 21 channels opens and ca 2t floves in W cast in klex causes nesiells to release neurotransmittes Coz Co o Licht neurotranenétes bond to & receptor on larget cell ccausing the ions floom! receptor on laeget cell garage dood Depolarizabion

Page 2 Ansb Axon regeneration in mature CNS t extremely limited after renjury. The seneral intracellulas mechanime like cytoskelelan dynamics axonal trapaportaronal trafficking, signaling and transcription of segenerative program and epigenie modification control anon regeneration during ambeyonor development. thow enes these facters donot work properly in adult cars, This regeneration B nery limited, However in pecipheral necrous system A number of regeneration associated genes work and are up legulated. some of these genee play a direct role in axonal regeneratione c- Jun, ATF3, SRY-box). Prognosis of nene regeneration depends on Age - Age of the patient is governing factor is regeneration of a neene. Young chilchen can recones reas to normal neone functions. Mechanism of injuries - shoot injuries affecting a Short region of name can be easily reconered whereas neve damage caused by stretch or wich is difficult to treat

Anst Pa4e 3 Somatosensory cortex ventro lateral nucelul Sensory costex Thalas Medial temnisius of spino thalamic fract Touch - spinal chord Dorsal root

Page 4 Ans Spinal Tap - Lumbas puncture Location - Procedure - Lumbar region Needle to seeted between two hembas bones to collect est Measurement of cof pressure cisternography Reason Epidhieral block Location - Procedure - Epidinal space Needle the insected near storsal chood and epidural space To induce neembness and anesthesia Reason - spiral block Location - Procedure - subarachenoid space of est Derang is placed at subarachnoid space and its into cst, To incluce general anal thetic effect Reason -