Question

QUESTION 1

Sean goes to a graphologist, whose analysis of Sean's handwriting indicates that he is introverted. Sean concludes that as an introvert he should not join a social group because he will not likely enjoy it. What is the BEST analysis of Sean's decision?

		The graphologist is using a valid cue, so Sean can trust the analysis to provide him with useful information.
		Sean may be making a good decision, but he should corroborate the analysis with an analysis from another graphologist.
		Sean should not use the handwriting analysis from the graphologist to make a decision, because research has shown that the idea that graphology works is a misconception.
		Because graphology has been shown to lead to reliable and valid personality judgments, Sean is making a good decision.

  

QUESTION 2

Successful nudges, such as requiring people to opt out of volunteering to be an organ donor, often take advantage of the status quo bias, which is people's:

		tendency to look for options that agree with their prior beliefs.
		lack of awareness of their usual biases.
		tendency to not change their initial response.
		tendency not to be helpful unless they are rewarded.

QUESTION 3

When people reason under uncertainty and judge the probability of events, they often use rules of thumb that allow them to take cognitive shortcuts in making judgments. The BEST description of this approach is that people are using:

		probability theory to make their judgments.
		heuristics that sometimes lead to errors in judgment.
		heuristics that never lead to errors in judgment.
		algorithms that never lead to errors in judgment.

QUESTION 4

In the terminology of the dual process theory of thinking, which combination of terms goes together?

		Type 1 thinking using heuristics, intuition, familiarity, and experience
		Type 2 thinking using heuristics, intuition, familiarity, and experience
		Type 1 thinking using heuristics, intuition, and a rational–analytic approach
		Type 2 thinking using heuristics, intuition, and a rational–analytic approach

QUESTION 5

Suppose a graphologist believes that a person's handwriting can indicate personality traits, as when a writer makes t's or f's with a whip-like flourish indicating sadism because sadists enjoy hurting people with whips. This is an example of:

		the use of illusory correlation and confirmation bias.
		incorrectly applying availability in reasoning.
		incorrectly applying representativeness in reasoning.
		the valid personality judgments made possible by graphology.