Question

Review Erikson’s psychosocial theory: How would the nurse assess integrity or despair? How can the nurse use the technique of reminiscence (Lutz, 271) to promote integrity?   

Answer 1

Erik Erikson (1950, 1963) proposed a psychoanalytic hypothesis of psychosocial improvement containing eight phases from earliest stages to adulthood. Amid each stage, the individual encounters a psychosocial emergency which could have a constructive or adverse result for identity advancement.

Erikson's thoughts were incredibly impacted by Freud, obliging Freud's (1923) hypothesis with respect to the structure and geography of identity. Notwithstanding, though Freud was an id therapist, Erikson was a personality analyst. He accentuated the part of culture and society and the contentions that can occur inside the inner self itself, while Freud underscored the contention between the id and the superego.

As indicated by Erikson, the self image creates as it effectively settle emergencies that are unmistakably social in nature. These include building up a feeling of trust in others, building up a feeling of character in the public eye, and helping the cutting edge get ready for what's to come.

Erikson stretches out on Freudian contemplations by concentrating on the versatile and innovative normal for the inner self and growing the idea of the phases of identity developmentto incorporate the whole life expectancy.

Like Freud and numerous others, Erik Erikson kept up that identity creates in a foreordained request, and expands upon each past stage. This is known as the epigenetic guideline.

The result of this 'development timetable' is a wide and coordinated arrangement of fundamental abilities and capacities that capacity together inside the self-governing person. In any case, rather than concentrating on sexual improvement (like Freud), he was occupied with how youngsters mingle and how this influences their feeling of self.

Psychosocial Stages

Erikson's (1959) hypothesis of psychosocial advancement has eight particular stages, taking in five phases up to the age of 18 years and three further stages past, well into adulthood. Erikson proposes that there is still a lot of space for proceeded with development and improvement for the duration of one's life. Erikson puts a lot of accentuation on the immature period, feeling it was a significant stage for building up a man's personality.

Like Freud, Erikson expect that an emergency happens at each phase of improvement. For Erikson (1963), these emergencies are of a psychosocial nature since they include mental requirements of the individual (i.e. psycho) clashing with the necessities of society (i.e. social).

As indicated by the hypothesis, effective finishing of each stage brings about a sound identity and the procurement of essential excellencies. Essential ideals are trademark qualities which the conscience can use to determine consequent emergencies.

Inability to effectively total a phase can bring about a lessened capacity to finish additionally arranges and hence a more undesirable identity and feeling of self. These stages, be that as it may, can be settled effectively at a later time.

1. Trust vs. Mistrust

Is the world a sheltered place or is it brimming with unusual occasions and precarious situations? Erikson's first psychosocial emergency happens amid the main year or so of life (like Freud's oral phase of psychosexual advancement). The emergency is one of put stock in versus question.

Amid this stage, the newborn child is questionable about the world in which they live. To determine these sentiments of vulnerability, the newborn child looks towards their essential guardian for security and consistency of care.

In the event that the care the newborn child gets is steady, unsurprising and solid, they will build up a feeling of trust which will convey with them to different connections, and they will have the capacity to feel secure notwithstanding when undermined.

Achievement in this stage will prompt the righteousness of expectation. By building up a feeling of trust, the baby can have trust that as new emergencies emerge, there is a genuine plausibility that other individuals will be there as a wellspring of help. Neglecting to gain the ethicalness of expectation will prompt the advancement of dread.

For instance, if the care has been unforgiving or conflicting, capricious and temperamental, at that point the baby will build up a feeling of question and won't believe in their general surroundings or in their capacities to impact occasions.

This baby will convey the fundamental feeling of doubt with them to different connections. It might bring about nervousness, elevated instabilities, and an over sentiment doubt in their general surroundings.

Predictable with Erikson's perspectives on the significance of trust, look into by Bowlby and Ainsworth has delineated how the nature of the early experience of connection can influence associations with others in later life.

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The youngster is growing physically and winding up more portable. Between the ages of year and a half and three, kids start to attest their autonomy, by leaving their mom, picking which toy to play with, and settling on decisions about what they get a kick out of the chance to wear, to eat, and so forth.

The youngster is finding that he or she has numerous aptitudes and capacities, for example, putting on garments and shoes, playing with toys, and so on. Such abilities represent the kid's developing feeling of freedom and self-sufficiency. Erikson states it is important that guardians enable their kids to investigate the points of confinement of their capacities inside an empowering situation which is tolerant of disappointment.

For instance, as opposed to put on a youngster's garments a strong parent ought to have the tolerance to enable the kid to attempt until the point when they succeed or request help. Along these lines, the guardians need to urge the tyke to end up noticeably more free while in the meantime securing the youngster with the goal that consistent disappointment is stayed away from.

A sensitive adjust is required from the parent. They should do whatever it takes not to do everything for the kid, but rather if the tyke fizzles at a specific undertaking they should not reprimand the kid for disappointments and mischances (especially when can preparing). The point must act naturally "control without lost confidence" (Gross, 1992). Accomplishment in this stage will prompt the goodness of will.

In the event that kids in this stage are empowered and upheld in their expanded freedom, they turn out to be more certain and secure in their own capacity to make due on the planet.

In the event that kids are reprimanded, excessively controlled, or not given the chance to stand up for themselves, they start to feel deficient in their capacity to survive, and may then turn out to be excessively reliant upon others, need confidence, and feel a feeling of disgrace or uncertainty in their capacities.

3. Initiative vs. Guilt

Around age three and proceeding to age five, kids advocate for themselves all the more much of the time. These are especially vivacious, fast creating a very long time in a tyke's life. As indicated by Bee (1992), it is a "period of energy of activity and of practices that the guardians may see as forceful."

Amid this period the essential component includes the kid routinely interfacing with other youngsters at school. Key to this stage is play, as it furnishes kids with the chance to investigate their relational aptitudes through starting exercises.

Kids start to design exercises, make up recreations, and start exercises with others. On the off chance that given this open door, kids build up a feeling of activity and feel secure in their capacity to lead others and decide.

On the other hand, if this propensity is squelched, either through feedback or control, kids build up a feeling of blame. They may feel like an irritation to others and will, in this way, remain devotees, ailing in self-activity.

The tyke takes activities which the guardians will frequently endeavor to stop so as to secure the youngster. The tyke will frequently violate the check in his forcefulness, and the threat is that the guardians will have a tendency to rebuff the youngster and limit his drives excessively.

It is at this phase the youngster will start to make numerous inquiries as his hunger for information develops. In the event that the guardians regard the tyke's inquiries as paltry, an aggravation or humiliating or different parts of their conduct as debilitating then the kid may have sentiments of blame for "being an annoyance".

An excess of blame can influence the kid to ease back to associate with others and may restrain their imagination. Some blame is, obviously, important; generally the kid would not know how to practice restraint or have a heart.

A sound harmony amongst activity and blame is vital. Accomplishment in this stage will prompt the prudence of reason.

4. Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority

Industry versus inadequacy is the fourth phase of Erik Erikson's hypothesis of psychosocial improvement. The stage happens amid adolescence between the ages of five and twelve.

Youngsters are at the phase where they will figure out how to peruse and compose, to do aggregates, to get things done without anyone else. Instructors start to play an imperative part in the tyke's life as they educate the kid particular aptitudes.

It is at this phase the youngster's associate gathering will increase more prominent essentialness and will turn into a noteworthy wellspring of the kid's confidence. The tyke now wants to win endorsement by showing particular capabilities that are esteemed by society and start to build up a feeling of pride in their achievements.

On the off chance that kids are energized and fortified for their drive, they start to feel productive and feel certain about their capacity to accomplish objectives. In the event that this activity isn't supported, in the event that it is confined by guardians or instructor, at that point the youngster starts to feel second rate, questioning his own capacities and along these lines may not achieve his or her potential.

In the event that the tyke can't build up the particular aptitude they feel society is requesting (e.g., being athletic) at that point they may build up a feeling of mediocrity. Some disappointment might be essential so the kid can build up some humility. Once more, a harmony amongst capability and humility is essential. Accomplishment in this stage will prompt the goodness of capability.

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

The fifth stage is personality versus part perplexity, and it happens amid youth, from around 12-18 years. Amid this stage, youths look for a feeling of self and individual character, through an extreme investigation of individual esteems, convictions, and objectives.

The juvenile personality is basically a brain or ban, a psychosocial organize amongst adolescence and adulthood, and between the profound quality learned by the kid, and the morals to be produced by the grown-up (Erikson, 1963, p. 245)

Amid puberty, the change from adolescence to adulthood is generally critical. Youngsters are ending up more free, and start to take a gander at the future regarding profession, connections, families, lodging, and so forth. The individual needs to have a place with a general public and fit in.

This is a noteworthy phase of improvement where the kid needs to take in the parts he will possess as a grown-up. It is amid this phase the juvenile will reevaluate his character and attempt to discover precisely who he or she is. Erikson proposes that two personalities are included: the sexual and the word related.

As indicated by Bee (1992), what ought to occur toward the finish of this stage is "a reintegrated feeling of self, of what one needs to do or be, and of one's proper sex part". Amid this stage the self-perception of the pre-adult changes.

Erikson claims that the juvenile may feel awkward about their body for some time until the point when they can adjust and "develop into" the progressions. Achievement in this stage will prompt the ideals of loyalty.

Loyalty includes having the capacity to submit one's self to others based on tolerating others, notwithstanding when there might be ideological contrasts.

Amid this period, they investigate potential outcomes and start to shape their own particular character in view of the result of their investigations. Inability to build up a feeling of character inside society ("I don't recognize what I need to be the point at which I grow up") can prompt part perplexity. Part disarray includes the individual not being certain about themselves or their place in the public arena.

In light of part perplexity or character emergency, a youthful may start to explore different avenues regarding diverse ways of life (e.g., work, training or political exercises). Additionally forcing somebody into a personality can bring about defiance through setting up an adverse character, and notwithstanding this sentiment despondency.

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation

Happening in youthful adulthood (ages 18 to 40 yrs), we start to share ourselves all the more personally with others. We investigate connections driving toward longer-term responsibilities with somebody other than a relative.

Effective fulfillment of this stage can bring about glad connections and a feeling of responsibility, wellbeing, and care inside a relationship. Maintaining a strategic distance from closeness, dreading duty and connections can prompt separation, dejection, and once in a while discouragement. Accomplishment in this stage will prompt the excellence of adoration.

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation

Amid center adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs), we build up our professions, settle down inside a relationship, start our own families and build up a feeling of being a piece of the master plan.

We offer back to society through bringing up our youngsters, being beneficial at work, and getting to be plainly associated with group exercises and associations.

By neglecting to accomplish these goals, we end up noticeably stale and feel inefficient. Accomplishment in this stage will prompt the excellence of care.

8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair

As we become more seasoned (65+ yrs) and end up noticeably senior subjects, we have a tendency to back off our profitability and investigate life as a resigned individual. It is amid this time we ponder our achievements and can create honesty in the event that we consider ourselves to be having an effective existence.

Erik Erikson accepted in the event that we see our lives as useless, feel coerce about our past, or feel that we didn't achieve our life objectives, we wind up noticeably disappointed with life and create lose hope, regularly prompting sorrow and sadness.

Accomplishment in this stage will prompt the goodness of insight. Intelligence empowers a man to think back on their existence with a feeling of conclusion and culmination, and furthermore acknowledge demise without fear.

Critical Evaluation

Erikson's hypothesis has great face legitimacy. Numerous individuals find that they can identify with his speculations about different phases of the life burn through their own particular encounters.

In any case, Erikson is fairly dubious about the reasons for improvement. What sorts of encounters must individuals need to effectively resolve different psychosocial clashes and move starting with one phase then onto the next? The hypothesis does not have a widespread system for emergency determination.

Without a doubt, Erikson (1964) recognizes his hypothesis is increasingly an elucidating diagram of human social and passionate improvement that does not satisfactorily clarify how or why this advancement happens. For instance, Erikson does not expressly clarify how the result of one psychosocial arrange impacts identity at a later stage.

Be that as it may, Erikson focused on his work was an 'apparatus to think with instead of a real investigation.' Its motivation at that point is to give a system inside which advancement can be viewed as opposed to testable hypothesis.

One of the qualities of Erikson's hypothesis is its capacity to entwine essential psychosocial advancement over the whole life expectancy.

In spite of the fact that help for Erikson's phases of identity improvement exists (McAdams, 1999), commentators of his hypothesis give prove proposing an absence of discrete phases of identity advancement (McCrae and Costa, 1997).

More established Adult: 65 and more seasoned

"Old-old" and "Fragile old": 75 and more seasoned

"Tip top old": 85 and more seasoned

Erikson: Ego uprightness versus Sadness

Ageism: a worry for nurses

Maturing is a typical, sound process that starts during childbirth

• Framework wide physical changes
• Psychological changes because of disease not maturing
• Various way of life changes

Objectives: Stay free, acknowledge maturing, advances, and misfortune.

Methodologies:

• Memory/life audit (Storytelling)
• Exercise, sustenance, tangible incitement

Health Concerns: Chronic sickness, drugs, melancholy, ETOH manhandle, senior mishandle

Reminiscence therapy is characterized by the American Psychological Association (APA) as "the utilization of life histories – composed, oral, or both – to enhance mental prosperity. The treatment is frequently utilized with more established individuals." This type of restorative intercession regards the life and encounters of the person with the mean to enable the patient to keep up great emotional wellness. The dominant part of research on memory treatment has been finished with the elderly group, particularly those misery from discouragement, in spite of the fact that a couple of studies have taken a gander at other elderly examples.

Memory serves distinctive mental capacities, including the scientific classification exhibited by Webster. Webster's Reminiscence Functions Scale (RFS) incorporates eight reasons why individuals think back: fatigue lessening, intensity recovery, plan for death, discussion, character, closeness upkeep, critical thinking, and instruct/advise. Analysts have taken a gander at utilizing memory remedially to enhance influence and adapting abilities, in spite of the fact that the adequacy of this treatment has been bantered about. From later information, as laid out underneath, the treatment seems to have positive and notwithstanding enduring outcomes inside the elderly group.

Memory Therapy is utilized predominately in elderly patients This may to some extent be because of the regular issue memory treatment has been utilized for are common in the elderly, for example, melancholy. It has regularly been utilized as a part of nursing homes or helped living offices, as it gives a feeling of congruity in one's life and in this manner may help these sorts of advances. Patients with constant conditions may likewise profit by memory treatment, as they regularly endure socially and inwardly. Different issues have been tended to utilizing memory treatment, including behavioral, social, and psychological issues. Studies have discovered gathering memory treatment sessions may prompt reinforced social connections and fellowships inside the gathering.

Generally, memory treatment is a reasonable and conceivably useful way to deal with helping the elderly age effectively and cheerfully. It seems to furnish them with a feeling of general life fulfillment and adapting aptitudes, and may likewise improve the indications of dejection and dementia