Question

What are the 5 signs of inflammation? Briefly explain how these signs occur. 3. Soon after the injury, he starts to develop oedema (swelling in the tissues) and hypovolemia (low blood volume). Explain the pathophysiological changes that resulted in the oedema and the hypovolemia. Why may this fluid loss be serious?

Answer 1

Ans) Clinically, acute inflammation is characterized by 5 cardinal signs:

• rubor (redness)

• calor (increased heat)

• tumor (swelling)

• dolor (pain)

• functio laesa (loss of function).

- Hypervolemia is due to an excess of total body sodium and water, which leads to expansion of the ECF compartment. Primary kidney sodium retention may be caused by kidney failure; the diseased kidneys may be unable to match sodium excretion with sodium intake.

- The body compensates for volume loss by:i h

• Increasing heart rate and contractility, followed by baroreceptor activation resulting in sympathetic nervous system activation and peripheral vasoconstriction. Typically, there is a slight increase in the diastolic blood pressure with narrowing of the pulse pressure.

- Hypovolemic shock is a life-threatening condition that results when you lose more than 20 percent (one-fifth) of the body's blood or fluid supply. This severe fluid loss makes it impossible for the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to body.