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Proteoglycans are part of the extracellular matrix



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Concepts and reason

In the human body, the proteoglycans are formed by linkage of core proteins to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The GAGs are carbohydrate components which are repeating units of disaccharides forming long unbranched polysaccharides.

Fundamentals

Glycosaminoglycans are the most abundant heteropolysaccharides in the body and are referred to as mucopolysaccharides characterized in the mucus membranes and mucosal exudates.

GAG molecules are composed of repeating units of disaccharide and the disaccharide unit consists of either N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and a uronic acid such as glucuronate (GlcA) or iduronate (IdoA).

Part a

Glycosaminoglycans are highly negatively charged molecules, highly polar and attract water. Therefore, GAGs acts as the lubricant or shock absorber in the human body. Glycosaminoglycans have a high degree of heterogeneity with regard to the molecular mass, construction of disaccharide, and sulfation as the synthesis of GAGs is not template driven.

The members of glycosaminoglycan family differ in their structure and composition with the type of hexosamine, hexose or hexuronic acid unit they contain. These members also vary in the geometry of the glycosidic linkage.

Part b

The most abundant heteropolysaccharides in the human body are glycosaminoglycans which are formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, with repeating units of two hexose derivatives forming an unbranched chain.

Glycosaminoglycans are found in a majority in Proteoglycans and thus proteoglycans act more as carbohydrates rather than proteins due to high molecular weight of GAGs which is about 95%. Proteoglycans are found in integral parts of connective tissue and also acts as lubricating fluid in the joints.

Ans: Part a

B-D-fructofuranose N-acetylgalactosamine uronic acid amylose I

Part b

Because glycosaminoglycans consist of only two residues, they generally have low molecular weights. Glycosaminoglycans contai

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