Question

For the drug NEXIUM

describe briefly the normal cell biology, the pathogenic state and how the drug alters the pathogenic state.  Remember - “a picture is worth a thousand words” – the use of a figure depicting a pathway map and indicating the point at which the drug acts is highly encouraged. Furthermore, you will develop and present an experimental plan by which you can prove where in the cell the drug acts; what cellular functions it modulates and the mechanism by which it works.The description of experimental techniques is needed

Answer 1

• Cell biology (formerly called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") also known as molecular or cell biology, is a branch ofbiology that studies the different structures and functions of the cell and focuses mainly on the idea of the cell as the basic unit of life.
• Pathogenic state: causing or capable of causing disease.

Endothelia Alveolar cell cell Fibroblasts Periostin TGF-β Tenascin C WNT ligands SPARC ANGPTL4 cOx2 MMP2 MET ID Micrometastasis Macrophage AKT IGFBP4 TINAGL VCAM1 Tumor Cocoo BMPs Dormancy signals Macrometastasis Lung resident cell Trends in Cancer

Fig: the drug alters the pathogenic state.

• Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system, and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behavior.

• There are a few technical words that must be defined when relating neurotransmission to receptor action:

  Agonist — a molecule that binds to a receptor protein and activates that receptor
  Competitive antagonist — a molecule that binds to the same site on the receptor protein as the agonist, preventing activation of the receptor
  Non-competitive antagonist — a molecule that binds to a receptor protein on a different site than that of the agonist, but causes a conformational change in the protein that does not allow activation.

• There are two types of receptors that neurotransmitters interact with on a post-synaptic neuron. The first types of receptors are ligand-gated ion channels or LGICs. LGIC receptors are the fastest types of transduction from chemical signal to electrical signal. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the receptor, it will cause a conformational change that will allow ions to directly flow into the cell. The second types are known as G-protein-coupled receptors or GPCRs. These are much slower than LGICs due to an increase in the amount of biochemical reactions that must take place intracellularly. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the GPCR protein, it causes a cascade of intracellular interactions that can lead to many different types of changes in cellular biochemistry, physiology, and gene expression.