4. (6 Points) Compare and contrast the metabolism of “normal” versus tumor cells. What are tumor cells doing with the items they take in as “food?”
Normal cells and cancer cells follow different metabolic mecahnisms. Normal cells metabolized glucose through the pathways of glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport system to generate large amount of energy in the form of ATP, about 36 to 38 ATP molecules. In contrast to normal cells cancerous cells consume glucose through different metabolic mechanism.
It was first observed by Otto warburg that metabolism of cancer cells is diiferent than that of normal cells. Cancer cells rely of glycolysis for their energy production. Cancer cells perform glycolysis even in presence of oxygen, the phenomenon called aerobic glycolysis or Warburg effect. Glycolysis is not the efficient pathway for energy production from glucose . It can only generate 2 ATP molecule per glucose molecule. Therefore cancerous cells require adequate supply of glucose. The extra amount of glucose is used for synthesis of macromolecules.
4. (6 Points) Compare and contrast the metabolism of “normal” versus tumor cells. What are tumor...
Compare and contrast glycogen metabolism in the liver during fasting to glycogen metabolism in the skeletal muscle during exercise. What is unique about muscle glycogen metabolism
Contrast what tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes do in their normal and cancer-promoting states. Normal Cancer-promoting Tumor suppressor gene (Proto-)oncogene
Compare and contrast the roles of oncogenes and tumor suppressors in oncogenesis. How were each discovered and studied? What is unusual about p53 in terms of being a tumor suppressor?
4. Compare and contrast Alzheimer’s and normal age-related memory changes. Define first then compare
Compare and contrast insulin secretion in the beta cells of the pancreas with synaptic transmission. What are similarities and differences with regard to the signal for exocytosis in neurons and pancreatic beta cells, and what causes the signal to occur?
Please answer a - d 4a. Does metabolism of myocardial muscle cells change after infarction? If so, how? (2 points) 4b. Are nitrates commonly used for myocardial infarction, why? (2 points) 4c. Compare and contrast osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (5 points) 4d. Why is gout called a rich man's disease? What metabolite and which enzyme are responsible for generation of gout? Where and why does this metabolite accumulate? (5 points)
NUMEWORK 1. Compare and Contrast Viruses, Viroids, and Prions to Bacterial cells: Bacteria Viruses Virolds Prions Width Length Nucleic Acid (type/s) Protein (present/absent) Cellular (yes/no) Cell membrane (present/absent) Functional ribosome (present/absent) Growth (yes/no) Self-replicating (yes/no) Responsiveness (present/absent) Metabolism (present/absent) 2. Compare and Contrast Bacteriophage and Animal Virus Replication: Bacteriophage Animal Virus Attachment Penetration Uncoating (if yes, how?) Site of synthesis Site of assembly Mechanism of release
Describe the recommendations for carbohydrate intake. Compare and contrast simple versus complex carbohydrates with examples. We now know carbohydrates are good for you. Describe what to look for on a food label when choosing the types of carbohydrates that promote health and prevent disease. Stay focused on Carbohydrate (Simple versus Complex), added sugar, and fiber. (Reminder - initial post should be at least 100-200 words) COURSE: Essentials of Nutrition
54. Compare and contrast the main components of animal & plant cells. What is exclusive to each of these cell types? How are they different from other cellular life such as bacteria or protista?
In some of the cancer pictures tumor cells are scattered amongst surrounding normal tissue. Why is that significant? What is an oncogene? When it is mutated how does it contribute to uncontrolled cell division?