Question

Genetics concept map. Make a concept map that connects and describes the following terms: Central dogma DNA Nucleus Chromosome Gene Allele mRNA Transcription Translation Ribosome Amino acid Protein Allele Genotype Phenotype

Answer 1

The following terms are described as per the genetic concept map:

The nucleus contains chromosome. Gene is a part of the chromosome. Variants of genes are called alleles. Say R allele codes for a red flower. It’s a dominant allele and r is recessive allele codes for a white flower. The genotypes of the red flowers are either RR or Rr but both have the same phenotype. The DNA is the unit of a gene. The flow of genetic information from DNA to protein is known as central dogma. DNA is transcribed to mRNA. Nucleotides are the building blocks of RNA and DNA. The mRNA translated into protein with the help of ribosome. The amino acids are the unit of protein.

Nucleus: it is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It is the densest region of the cytosol. It carries most of the cell genetic materials, the chromosome.

Chromosome: A thread like structure found in the nucleus of the living cells. It is composed of DNA and histone proteins. It carries genetic code as a form of a gene.

Gene: Gene is the physical and functional unit of heredity. The unit of the gene is DNA. During gene expression, the DNA is transcribed to RNA and RNA to proteins. So, the genes have genetic instructions to make a protein. There are some genes which do not express i.e, do not code for protein.

Allele: A gene sometimes has two or more alternate forms arise due to mutation. These variants are called alleles. They are found in the same locus of the chromosome. Sometimes, different alleles of the same gene result in different phenotypic traits, such as height, skin colour.

Genotype: The genetic structure of an individual is known as genotype.

Phenotype: The physical expression of a trait is known as phenotype.

Central dogma: It is a process by which information in DNA is transcribed into the RNA and the RNA then translates it into a functional product, protein. Central dogma is composed of replication (DNA → DNA) transcription (DNA → RNA) and translation (RNA → Protein).

DNA: DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule which carries the genetic information used in the functioning of a cell in all living organisms and some viruses. Two antiparallel strand coil around each other and form the double helix structure of the DNA. The DNA is composed of nucleotides.

Nucleotides: Nucleotides are unit of DNA or RNA. The polymers of nucleotides are known as DNA and RNA. The nucleotide is made up of three part: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (ribose for RNA; deoxyribose for DNA) and a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine). There are 5 types of nucleotides: thymine (in DNA only, uracil (in RNA only) and cytosine are pyrimidine base; adenine and guanine are purine base.

Transcription: Transcription is the part of the central dogma. In this part of the gene expression, a specific part of the DNA is copied to RNA (specifically mRNA) with the help of RNA polymerase.

mRNA: There are three types of RNA. Messenger RNA or mRNA carries and translated it into the protein with help of tRNA (transfer RNA) and the ribosome.

Translation: Transcription is the part of the central dogma and the last part of gene expression. In this process, a protein is encoded from the information in mRNA with the help of help of tRNA (transfer RNA) and ribosomes. The nucleotide sequence in mRNA is transformed into an amino acid chain to produce protein.

Ribosome: The ribosome is an organelle made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. It serves the site for protein synthesis. Ribosomes are found in cytoplasms, mostly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.

Protein: Proteins are one of the most essential parts of any living organisms. It is a nitrogenous organic compound made up of one or more long chain of amino acids. Protein acts an enzyme and structural components of body tissues.

Amino acids: The unit of protein is known as the amino acid. It is composed of an amino group (-NH₂), a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an organic R group.

  

Kindly revert if you have any query.