Question

roblem description Write the following functions as prototyped below. Do not alter the function signatures. Demonstrate each function using literal strings defined in your client program (e.g., don't prompt the user for test inputs) /// Returns a copy of the string with its first character capitalized //I and the rest lowercased /// Example: capitalize("hELLO WORLD") returns "Hello world std::string capitalize(const std::string&str) /// Returns a copy of the string centered in a string of length ·width.. /// Padding is done using the specified 'fillchar' (default is an ASCII space). /// The original string is returned if 'width' is less than or equal to the /// string's length. std:: string center(const std: : string& str, size_t width, char fiuchar- · '); /// Returns a copy of the string left justified in a string of length ·width". /// Padding is done using the specified 'fillchar (default is an ASCII space) /// The original string is returned if 'width' is less than or equal to /// the string's length. Enmpte:njustenietio worlar, 20, ") returns Hetlo vorla std::string ljust(const std::string& str, size t width, char fillchar // Returns a copy of the string with all the uppercase letters converted /// to lowercase. /// Example: lower("HELLO WORLD") returns "hello world std::string lower(const std::string& str) /// Returns a copy of the string with leading characters removed. The /11 chars' argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be removed. // If omitted, the 'chars' argument defaults to removing whitespace. The chars argument is not a prefix; rather, all combinations of its value 1// are stripped. // Example: strip("spacious returns "spacious /Example: Istrip("www.example.com","cmowz.") returns "example.com std:: string Istrip(const std: : string& str, const std: : string& chars \t\n\v\f\r"); “ = /// Returns a copy of the string right-justified in a string of length 'width'. /// Padding is done using the specified 'fillchar (default is an ASCII space) 1/ The original string is returned if 'width' is less than or equal to the /// string's length.

Answer 1

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

// Returns a copy of the string with its first character capitalized
// and the rest lowercased.
// Example: capitalized("hELLO wORLD") returns "Hello world"
std::string capitalize(const std::string &str)
{
int x;
// Stores the parameter string str in result
string result = str;
// Converts the parameter str first index position character to upper case
// and stores it in first index position of the result string
result[0] = toupper(str[0]);

// Loops from 1 to end of the parameter string str
for(x = 1; x < str.length(); x++)
// Converts current index position character of parameter string str to lowercase
// and stores it at current index position of result string
result[x] = tolower(str[x]);
// Returns the result string
return result;
}// End of function

// Returns a copy of the string centered in a string of length 'width'
// Padding is done using the specified 'fill char' (default is an ASCII space).
// The original string is returned if 'width' is less than or equal to the string's length
// Example: center("Hello world", 20, '.') becomes ".....Hello world...."
std::string center(const std::string &str, size_t width, char fillchar = ' ')
{
int x, y, z;
// Stores the parameter string str in result
string result = str;
// Calculates require number of fill character
// by subtracting the length of the string from parameter width
int required = width - str.length();

// Checks if calculated required is greater than 0
if(required > 0)
{
// Loops till calculated required number
for(x = 0; x < required; x++)
// Adds space at the end
result += ' ';

// Checks if calculated required is even
if(required % 2 == 0)
{
// Loops till half of the calculated required
for(x = 0; x < required / 2; x++)
// Adds the fill character at the beginning
result[x] = fillchar;

// Loops from previous x index position to end of the string
for(y = x, z = 0; z < str.length(); z++, y++)
// Assigns each character from parameter str to result string
result[y] = str[z];

// Loops till half of the calculated required
for(x = y; x < required / 2; x++)
// Adds the fill character at the end
result[x] = fillchar;
}// End of if condition

// Otherwise odd
else
{
// Loops till half of the calculated required plus one times
for(x = 0; x < (required / 2) + 1; x++)
// Adds the fill character at the beginning
result[x] = fillchar;

// Loops from previous x index position to end of the string
for(y = x, z = 0; z < str.length(); z++, y++)
// Assigns each character from parameter str to result string
result[y] = str[z];

// Loops till half of the calculated required
for(x = y, z = 0; z < required / 2; z++)
// Adds the fill character at the end
result[x++] = fillchar;
}// End of else
}// End of if condition

// Returns the result string
return result;
}// End of function

// Returns a copy of the string left justified in a string of length 'width'.
// Padding is done using the specified 'fill char' (default is an ASCII space).
// The original string is returned if 'width' is less than or equal to the string's length
// Example: ljust("Hello world", 20, '.') becomes "Hello world........."
std::string ljust(const std::string &str, size_t width, char fillchar = ' ')
{
int x, z;
// Stores the parameter string str in result
string result = str;

// Calculates require number of fill character
// by subtracting the length of the string from parameter width
int required = width - str.length();

// Loops till half of the calculated required
for(x = 0; x < required; x++)
// Adds space at the end
result += ' ';

// Loops from the length of the parameter string str to the calculated required
for(x = str.length(), z = 0; z < required; z++)
// Adds the fill character at the end
result[x++] = fillchar;

// Returns the result string
return result;
}// End of function

// Returns a copy of the string with all the uppercase letters converted to lowercase.
// Example: lower("HELLO WORLD") returns "hello world"
std::string lower(const std::string &str)
{
string result = str;

// Loops till end of the parameter string str
for(int x = 0; x < str.length(); x++)
// Converts current index position character of parameter string str to lowercase
// and stores it at current index position of result string
result[x] = tolower(str[x]);
return result;
}// End of function

// Returns a copy of the string with leading characters removed.
// The 'chars' argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be remove.
// If omitted, the 'chars' argument defaults to removing whitespace.
// The 'chars' argument is not a prefix: rather, all combinations of its value are stripped.
// Example: lstrip(" spacious ") returns "spacious "
// Example: lstrip("www.example.com", "cmowz.") returns "example.com"
std::string lstrip(const std::string &str, const std::string &chars = " \t\n\v\f\r")
{

}// End of function

// Returns a copy of the string with right - justified in a string of length 'width'
// Padding is done using the specified 'fill char' (default is an ASCII space).
// The original string is returned if 'width' is less than or equal to the string's length.
// Example: rjust("Hello world", 20, '.') returns ".........Hello world"
std::string rjust(const std::string &str, size_t width, char fillchar = ' ')
{
int x, y, z;
// Stores the parameter string str in result
string result = str;

// Calculates require number of fill character
// by subtracting the length of the string from parameter width
int required = width - str.length();

// Loops till the calculated required
for(x = 0; x < required; x++)
// Adds the space character at the end
result += ' ';

// Loops till the calculated required
for(x = 0; x < required; x++)
// Adds the fill character at the end
result[x] = fillchar;

// Loops from previous x value to end of the string
for(y = x, z = 0; z < str.length(); z++)
// Assigns each character from parameter str to result string
result[y++] = str[z];

// Returns the result string
return result;
}// End of function

// Returns a copy of the string with trailing characters removed.
// The 'chars' argument is a string specified the set of characters to be removed.
// If omitted, the 'chars' argument defaults to removing whitespace.
// The 'chars' argument is not a suffix; rather, all combinations of its value are stripped.
// Example: rstrip(" spacious ") returns " spacious"
// Example: rstrip("mississippi", "ipz") returns "mississ"
std::string rstrip(const std::string &str, const std::string &chars = " \t\n\v\f\r")
{

}// End of function

// Returns a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters removed
// The 'chars' argument is a string specifying the set of characters to be removed.
// If omitted, the 'chars' argument defaults to removing whitespace.
// The 'chars' argument is not a prefix or suffix; rather, all combinations
// of its value are stripped.
// Example: strip(" spacious ") returns "spacious"
// Example: strip("www.example.com", "cmowz") returns "example"
std::string strip(const std::string &str, const std::string &chars = " \t\n\v\f\r")
{

}// End of function

// Returns a copy of the string in title case, where words start with an uppercase character
// and the remaining characters are lowercase.
// Example: title("hELLO wORLD") returns "Hello World"
std::string title(const std::string &str)
{
int x;
// Stores the parameter string str in result
string result = str;
// Converts the parameter str first index position character to upper case
// and stores it in first index position of the result string
result[0] = toupper(str[0]);

// Loops from 1 to end of the parameter string str
for(x = 1; x < str.length(); x++)
// Checks if current character is space
if(str[x] == ' ')
// Converts the current index position character of parameter string str to upper case
// and stores it at current index position of result string
result[x] = toupper(str[x]);
// Otherwise convert it to lower case and store
else
result[x] = tolower(str[x]);

// Returns the result string
return result;
}// End of function

// Reverses the order of the characters in the string "in place" without using a temporary string.
// Example: reverse("ABCDE") returns "EDCBA"
void reverse(const std::string &str)
{
// Loops from end of the string minus one position to 0 index position
for(int x = str.length()-1; x >= 0; x--)
// Displays current index position character
cout<<str[x];
}// End of function

// Returns true if the string contains a sequence of digit characters such that the final
// digit can be calculated from the preceding digits.
// 1. Add the digits in the even - numbered positions (zeroth, second, fourth, et.)
// together and multiply by three.
// 2. Add the digits (up to but not including the final digit) in the odd - numbered
// positions (first, third, fifth, etc.) to the result.
// 3. Take the remainder of the result divided by 10, and if it's not zero, subtract this
// from 10 to determine the last digit.
// 4. If the calculated digit is the same as the string's last digit, the string is
// formed properly, and the function will return true.
//
// The function returns false:
// a. If the string's length is not exactly 12,
// b. If the string contains any non - digit characters, or
// c. If the number does not meet the specification.
// Example: The function returns true for "036000241457" or "786936244250",
// but false for "036000291458" or "12hello".
bool secret(const std::string &str)
{
// To store even and odd index position sum
int evenSum = 0, oddSum = 0;
// Extracts last digit from the string and converts it to integer
int lastDigit = str[str.length()-1] - '0';

// Checks the length of the string if it is not 12 return false
if(str.length() != 12)
return false;

// Otherwise length of the string is exactly 12
else
{
// Loops till end of the parameter string str
for(int x = 0; x < str.length(); x++)
// Checks if current index position character is not digit return false
if(!isdigit(str[x]))
return false;
}// End of else

// Loops till end of the parameter string str minus one times
for(int x = 0; x < str.length()-1; x++)
// Checks if even index position
if(x % 2 == 0)
// Converts the current index position character to integer
// and adds it to previous even sum
evenSum += str[x] - '0';

// Otherwise odd index position
else
// Converts the current index position character to integer
// and adds it to previous odd sum
oddSum += str[x] - '0';

// Multiplies 3 with even sum
evenSum *= 3;

// Calculate remainder of (even sum + odd sum ) by 10
int rem = (evenSum + oddSum) % 10;

// Checks if remainder is not 0
if(rem != 0)
// Subtract remainder from 10
rem = 10 - rem;

// Check if remainder is equals to last digit of string return true
if(rem == lastDigit)
return true;
// Otherwise return false
else
return false;
}// End of function

// main function definition
int main()
{
string str = "hELLO wORLD";
cout<<"\n First letter capitalized rest lowercase: "<<capitalize(str);
cout<<"\n Title case: "<<title(str);
cout<<"\n Lower case: "<<lower(str);

str = "Hello world";
cout<<"\n\n Center fill with (.): "<<center(str, 20, '.');
cout<<"\n Left Justified fill with (.): "<<ljust(str, 20, '.');
cout<<"\n Right Justified fill will (.): "<<rjust(str, 20, '.');

cout<<"\n\n Reverse (This is): ";
reverse("This is");

str = "036000241457";
if(secret(str))
cout<<"\n Secret number \"036000241457\": TRUE";
else
cout<<"\n Secret number \"036000241457\": FALSE";

str = "786936244250";
if(secret(str))
cout<<"\n Secret number \"786936244250\": TRUE";
else
cout<<"\n Secret number \"786936244250\": FALSE";

str = "036000291458";
if(secret(str))
cout<<"\n Secret number \"036000291458\": TRUE";
else
cout<<"\n Secret number \"036000291458\": FALSE";

str = "123hello";
if(secret(str))
cout<<"\n Secret number \"123hello\": TRUE";
else
cout<<"\n Secret number \"123hello\": FALSE";
}// End of main function

Sample Output:

First letter capitalized rest lowercase: Hello world
Title case: Hello world
Lower case: hello world

Center fill with (.): .....Hello world....
Left Justified fill with (.): Hello world.........
Right Justified fill will (.): .........Hello world

Reverse (This is): si sihT
Secret number "036000241457": TRUE
Secret number "786936244250": TRUE
Secret number "036000291458": FALSE
Secret number "123hello": FALSE