Question

What is a myocardial infarction (MI) and what are some of the major causes? Explain why they are felt to contribute to an MI.

How does lifestyle play a role? Explain why it is felt they play a role.

What are the signs (objective changes in the body, e.g. fever, rash, that can be detected) and symptoms (subjective changes, e.g. pain, that are personally experienced by the patient) of a myocardial infarction? How would they be different if the person was a woman?

This assignment is worth 20 points. It should be typed, double spaced, and 3-5 pages long, not including the list of references. You must cite your references in the body of the paper and please do not use Wikipedia. If you do not cite your references, you will receive a zero on the paper. You should use the APA format. DO NOT use quotes in the paper. Put the information into your own words. DO NOT use any source that does not have a date. If you are citing a website, find the last date it was updated. If you cannot find one, you cannot use the reference.

When answering the questions, refer to the person highlighted in the movie rather than to what is found on the internet. In other words, in questions one and two above, use him as the basis for answering the questions.

What tests would be performed to determine if a myocardial infarction has taken place? Why are they used and what do they show that indicates a MI?

How would the patient be treated immediately? Include drugs in your answer and explain why each of the treatments is used.

What are possible surgical treatments? Why?

What kinds of medications would the patient receive after the condition is stabilized and released? What is the physiological reason for each?

I'm not sure how to write 5 pages over this? Can someone help and explain this?

Answer 1

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION:

Introduction-

Myocardial = Heart muscle wall

Infraction = does able to flow sufficient amount of blood

(due to heart muscle damage or blockage in a coronary artery

Myocardial infarction(MI), is a heart attack where heart does not able to flow sufficient amount of blood due to damage of heart muscle. MI are following five types: shows in figure -

Major causes of MI:

TYPE 1 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Spontaneous myocardial infarction related to ischaemia due to a primary coronary event such as plaque erosion and/or rupture, fissuring or dissection TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Myocardial infarction secondary to ischaemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply TYPE 3 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Sudden unexpected cardiac death often with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia TYPE 4 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Myocardial infarction associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (4a) or stent thrombosis (4b) TYPE 5 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Myocardial infarction associated with cardiac surgery

Following are causes:

• Heart attack,
• Cardiac arrest,
• Cardiac shock, or
• Heart failures

Above cause are mention - If the supply of blood not flow sufficient amount or stopped due blockage of coronary arteries these major causes are showing.

Sign of MI:

Following sign/symptoms of MI-

• Tightness or pressure in the chest
• Pain in the chest, back, jaw, and other areas of the upper body (lasts more than a few minutes)
• Shortness of breath
• Sweating
• Anxiety
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Cough

In women, about 50% of women occur sign of pain in MI, where also involves back or neck pain, heartburn, indigestion, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, or fatigue.

Diagnosis of MI:

Following of diagnosis of MI-

• Irregularities of heart beat - show the activity of heart wall
• Blood pressure - Measure the pressure to flow of blood
• Ectrocardiogram- heart’s electrical activity
• Blood test- level of troponin, condition with heart damage
• Stress test- heart responding in to certain conditions
• Angiogram- diagnosis the areas of blockage in arteries

Treatment of MI:

A following numbers of medications involves for the treatment of MI:

1- ACE inhibitors: It lower the heart pressure and also decrease the stress.

ACE inhibitors drugs involves:

• Captropril
• Enalapril
• Benzapril
• Perindopril
• Fosinopril
• Lisinopril
• QuinQuinapril

These drugs block the calcium channel in circulatory system.

2- Beta blockers- It lower the blood pressure and relax the heart.

It involves:

• Atenolol
• Metoprolol
• Bisoprolol
• Nadolol
• Propanalol

These drugs blocks adrenaline that reduce blood pressure and mentains heart beats.

3- Blood thinner, thrombolytic, anti-platelets, and nitroglycerin.

A following surgery for MI:

1- Angioplasty: In there used thin tube/mesh tube called catheter that place in arteries for proper flow of of blood. There are balloon like tube place inside the artery for removes of it blocking.

2- Coronary artery bypass graft: In there reroute the artery and vein for proper supply of blood flow.

Reference:

Maxwell, S. (1999). Emergency management of acute myocardial infarction. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 48(3), 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00998.x

Popma, J. J., Ya Chien Chuang, Satler, L. F., Kleiber, B., & Leon, M. B. (1994). Primary coronary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Texas Heart Institute Journal, 21(2), 148–157.

Shah, N. D., Dunlay, S. M., Ting, H. H., Montori, V. M., Thomas, R. J., Wagie, A. E., & Roger, V. L. (2009). Long-term Medication Adherence after Myocardial Infarction: Experience of a Community. American Journal of Medicine, 122(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.12.021

Smilowitz, N. R., Gupta, N., Guo, Y., Berger, J. S., & Bangalore, S. (2017). Perioperative acutemyocardial infarction associated with non-cardiac surgery. European Heart Journal, 38(31), 2409–2417. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx313

Wright, K. (1989). Myocardial Infraction? Scientific American, 261(5), 30–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1189-30a

TYPE 1 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Spontaneous myocardial infarction related to ischaemia due to a primary coronary event such as plaque erosion and/or rupture, fissuring or dissection TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Myocardial infarction secondary to ischaemia due to either increased oxygen demand or decreased supply TYPE 3 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Sudden unexpected cardiac death often with symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia TYPE 4 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Myocardial infarction associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (4a) or stent thrombosis (4b) TYPE 5 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Myocardial infarction associated with cardiac surgery