Question

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1. Fill in the blanks: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blank in the sentence with one of the words provided below. Record the word choices on this test paper. In each case choose the BEST option from the list provided. Note that you may not use all of the words and you may use a word more than once. (10 points)

1. Cell therapy using human embryonic stem cells as the source of cells will always be ____________________.
2. C. elegans germline stem cells (GSC) express _____________________ as a plasma membrane protein.
3. To affect only the ping-pong piRNA production pathway you would delete the ____________________ gene.
4. The fate of the outside layer of cells in the mouse morula is _________________ cells.
5. In fibroblast cells most of the enhancers for pluripotency genes are located in _______________ regions.
6. Sense piRNA transcripts are bound primarily by _______________________.
7. If autologous cell therapy for Junctional epidermolysis bullosa is conducted it must also involve ____________________.
8. John Gurdon received the Nobel prize in physiology and medicine for _____________________.
1. Cells that express a constitutively active and nuclear STAT protein would be most likely to _________________________.
10. ____________________________ like organisms are thought to be the origin of multicellular animals.

Word list:

Allogenic

Argonaute3

Aubergine

Autologous

Choanoflagellate

Cloning

Delta

Differentiate

Epiblast

euchromatic

FBF-1

gene therapy

heterochromatic

HLA matching

Induced pluripotency

Notch

Piwi

Placenta

Porocyte

Primitive endoderm

Self-renew

Answer 1

a). Autologous

Autologous stem cell transplant uses the stem cells from the patient's body.

b). FBF 1

FBF-1 is Puf-domain RNA-binding protein that regulates the switch from mitosis to meiosis in the C. elegans GSC. It is expressed by the plasma membrane to ensure meiotic entry is coordinated with the synthesis of synaptonemal proteins.

c). Piwi

'Ping Pong' mechanism is one in which piRNAs recognise their complementary targets and leads to the release of piwi proteins. This results in the cleavage of the transcript of the primary piRNA, that produces the secondary piRNA.

d). placenta

The cells on the outside of the morula becomes differentially fated into trophoblast .Trophoblast cells eventually form the placenta and extra-embryonic tissues.

e). Delta region

The delta region of the fibroblast cells contains many enhancer genes for pluripotency like the oct4 and sox genes.

f). Argonaute 3

The sense piRNAs that are generated usually associate with Ago3 and this complex causes the cleavage of antisense transcripts, making them antisense piRNAs

g). Gene therapy

The modern therapy for Junctional epidermolysis bullosa involves the use of IPCs(of keratinocytes) along with gene editing technology.

h). Induced pleuripotency

Sir John Gourdon received the nobel prize for the discovery that differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.

i). Differentiation

The biological role of nuclear STAT proteins is to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and survival of the cells.

j). Choanoflagellates

They are free-living, single-cell and colony-forming eukaryotes found in aquatic environments. They have a great significance in evolutionary biology and are thought to be the origin of multicellur organisms.