Question

Bidirectional predation between species A and B occurs in animal communities when O a, both species are omnivores, consuming either a host plant or an herbivore O b. both species are herbivores O c. the older developmental stages of each species consume the younger, vulnerable stages of the other species O d. trophic levels in the food web are discrete, with members of each trophic level obtaining food resources from the trophic level one step lower in the food web O e. carrion feeding is widespread