How obesity link with glucose metabolism?
(i) What is glucose metabolism? Is it include glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain? Explain the process.
(ii) What is the effect of obesity?
(iii) How obesity affects metabolism?
iv) What is the cause of obesity?
(v) Regulation of energy homeostasis and obesity.
i) glucose metabolism is a process of interconversion of glycogen into glucose and vice-versa. When blood glucose level is low, glyvogen breaks down to glucose by the process of glycogenolysis. When blood glucose level is more than sufficient, glucose gets converted into glycogen and gets stored in adipose tissue. When sufficient glycogen is not present in the body, because of prolonged starvation, glucose can be produced into the body from non carbohydrate source such as pyruvate, amino acids, glycerol etc by the process known as glyconeogenesis. All the process happens to maintain the body homeostasis.
It includes glycolysis, TCA, oxidative phosphorylation and ETC ultimately to produce ATP to provide energy for the body to work.
In glycolysis the glucose is broken down to pyruvate which undergoes TCA cycle to produce NADh, GTP and FADH2. The NADG and FADH2 passes electrons to electron transport chain (ETC) to create proton motive force across the which helps in the production of ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. the process of ATP production is known as oxidative phosphorylation. In ETC the terminal electron acceptor O2 accepts electrons and produce H2O.
ii) Obesity is associated with insulin sensitivity. It leads to excessive amount of body fat due to abnormal fat accumulation. In obesity, the Insulin receptor become insensitive to high level of blood glucose and don't let the glycogen to be broken down even if blood glucose is low followed by fat accumulation even if no more blood glucose is available. If glucose is not present in the blood the amino acids, glycerol, pyruvate etc use to get converted into glucose by the process glyconeogenesis which ultimately leads to accessive fat acuumulation in te body and the patient becomes overweight.
iii) It affect metabolism because it doesn't allow the glycogen to be broken down to glucose, glycogenolysis. Thus it aid in maintaining homeostasis. It cause Insulin resistance leads to type2 diabetes. It also cause hypertension and high cholesterol in the body. Heart attack, stroke, congestive heart failure, cancer are the main diseases caused by the homeostasis produced due to obesity.
iv) Causes of obesity:
How obesity link with glucose metabolism? (i) What is glucose metabolism? Is it include glycolysis, TCA...
2. Concept Map: construct a concept map that depicts the metabolism of glucose through glycolysis, the TCA cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. For your drawing, include where in the cell these processes occur. The map should show the names of all intermediates (but do not show structures), the names of all enzymes, all products and cofactors required/produced and all membrane complexes. (10) Hint: Include Glucose →glycolysis steps → pyruvate → acetylCoA → TCA cycle steps → electron transport chain...
a. The metabolism of glucose by glycolysis to acetyl-coenzyme A, followed by the TCA cycle, releases CO2 molecules by oxidative decarboxylation reactions. Write down the oxidative decarboxylation reactions that result in CO2 production. Name the enzyme involved in each reaction and give the names and complete structures of all reactants and products. Only abbreviated names of enzyme cofactors are required. (b) From the steps drawn in part (a) above, how many total ATP molecules would be produced from oxidative phosphorylation?
If a culture growing under an atmosphere of 18O2 mineralizes glucose completely via glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and electron transport chain, what product(s) of the reaction would you expect to find labeled oxygen (180) in?
PRE-KREBS/TRANSITION PHASE: In the absence of oxygen the luyunde molecules from glycolysis are converted to lactic acid. If oxygen is present, they are instead converted into 2 molecules of _which then enter the mitochondria to undergo anaerob metabolism. During this transition phase, no ATP is produced but are released. and Mitochoadrial CITRIC ACID CYCLE: The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix Both of the molecules of Adel produced after glycolysis run through the citric acid cycle reactions. At the...
What are the sources of NADH used in the formation of ATP molecules in the Electron Transport Chain of glucose metabolism (a) Glycolysis only (b) Glycolysis and TCA Cycle only (c) TCA Cycle only (d) None of these O a.(a) b.(b) c. (c) O d. (d)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Metabolism and Cellular Respiration Refer to Figure below as a guide to answer the folloaing questions Acetyt CoA Oxaloacetic acid CoA NADH Citric acid NAD Isocitric acid Malic acid Fumaric acid NAD co NADH -FADH FAD+ a-Ketoglutaric acid Succinic acid CO2NAD ATP Succinyl CoA ADP P NADH Figure above. Starting with citric acid and ending with oxaloacetic acid, how many ATP 6) Refer to molecules...
4. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase can be used more than once. (2 point each; 34 points total) ADP lysosome oxidation phosphorylation NAD pyruvate plasma membrane oxidative phosphorylation acetyl CoA cytosol carbon dioxide nucleus NADH sucrose ubiquitination GTP electrons FADH2 reduction B-sheets matrix ATP FAD kinase vacuole H* mitochondria NADH inner membrane...
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During glycolysis, a phosphate is transferred from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP. This illustrates what type of process? substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation chemiosmosis an electron transport chain an oxidation-reduction reaction
please answer question 1,2,3,4,5. (1) How is ATP made during glycolysis? (2) How is ATP made during the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation? (3) What is the role of FADH2 during respiration? (4) What is the role of a proton gradient during oxidative phosphorylation? (5) Which is the role of oxygen during oxidative phosphorylation?