Question

needing help on this one long problem! my teacher drew this on the board throughout the class, but it's not all put together with all the information she's asking! She's a picky grader so i have to include all the details

1. (pts) Diagram the conversion of glucose into ATP produced in the mitochondrion. Begin with (glucose entering the cell. Include how glucose is processed in the cytosol, what glucose derivative enters the mitochondrion, how this molecule is converted into ATP, and what happens to the ATP after it is produced. Label all membranes and spaces specifically, and name all processes (e.g. glycolysis) and intermediate energy carrying molecules. You do not need to include details of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle, but do include the primary (i... carbon-containing) molecule that goes into each cycle, and the energy-containing molecule(s) that are produced

Answer 1

Ans: Glucose is a polar molecule and can not easily cross the plasma membrane of the cell. To transport it across the plasma membrane, glucose transporters are required, which are called as GLUT. These GLUT transporters are protein molecules that can bind to both Na ion and glucose. Transport of glucose is dependent on sodium gradient, as GLUT are symporters and transport both glucose and Na ion from outside to inside of the cell.

Once, glucose is transported inside the cell with the help of GLUT transporters, this transportation is called as facilitated transport. We can see this from below diagram:

Apical surface Basal surface Blood Intestinal lumen Microvilli Epithelial cell • 2K+ 3 Na+ 2 Nat.. -Na K+ ATPase Glucose/ Glucose Glucose uniporter Glu T2 (facilitates downhill efflux) Na glucose symporter (driven by high extracellular (Na+))

Glucose molecules from from region of their low concentration that is extracellular fluid to the region of their high concentration that is cytosol within the cell.

Glucose, once entered the cell, is converted to 2 molecules of Pyruvate (3- Carbon compound) by a pathway called as glycolysis.

Glycolysis itself means breakdown of glucose, which involves 10 reactions, ultimately resulting in production of 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2H^{+ .}

Pyruvate formed then will further oxidise in the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria, but pyruvate can not enter in the mitochondria, therefore, it gets converted into Acetyl CoA which is the intermediate compound of 2 carbon. Both the pyruvate gets converted into Acetyl CoA + 1CO₂ + NADH. This reaction is carried into the cytosol and by the enzyme pyruvate dehyrogenase.

COA-SH O NAD TPPNADH FADO S -COA +cą O Pyruvate dehydrogena se complex (E + E + E) 013 ca Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl CoA formed will now enter in the mitochondrial matrix where it enters kreb's cycle through transporters present in the mitochondrial membrane. In the kreb's cycle, both the carbon of Acetyl CoA gets converted to CO₂ and 1 molecule of GTP is formed which is equivalent to 1 molecule of ATP and 1 molecule of FADH₂ is produced which is equivalent to 1.5 molecules of ATP, when donates its hydrogen in the electron transport chain, 3 molecules of NADH + H⁺ are formed, which produces 2.5 molecules of ATP in the electron transport chain.

electron transport chain occurs on the mitochondrial inner membrane, gradient of proton across mitochondrial inner membrane that is in between the inter membrane space of mitochondria and mitochondrial martix, creates a driving force for the ATPase pump to synthesize ATP. This ATP produced then can be used for various biosynthetic processed like DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and gives us energy by break down of phospho anhydride bond.

Ru m uman T 2 FADHZ M ATP ATP ATE PATP АТР UUU Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl COA SMISSO Glycolysis Citric Oxidative e- phosphorylation Cycle NADH NADH no no GTP CO2 mums 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000099887 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

This is the overall diagram showing breakdown of glucose.

Below diagram shows how NADH and FADH₂ helps is the ATP synthesis and kreb cycle in the mitochondria.

FATTY ACIDS GLUCOSE GLYCOLYSIS Rotenone PYRUVATE FATTY ACYL COA H+ I Cytc H+ 1 I cv -AY. Mitochondrial inner membrane CII avy S Matrix 2H+ + 702 - NAD NADH NAD Malonate or 3-nitropropionate → NADH H,O ADP+P. FUMARATE SUCCINATE ATP FADH NADH NAD MALATE B-OXIDATION FUMARATE OXALO- ACETATE FADH24 ACETYL COA FAD TCA CYCLE Succinate dehydrogenase (CII) SUCCINATE CITRATE Aconitase / SUCCINYL COA ISO-CITRATE ZNAD → NADH NADH C-KETO- GLUTARATE NAD+