Question

3 - Describe what reaction is catalyzed by enzymes that act in the signaling chain of the blood clotting cascade. What is the benefit of having a cascade with multiple enzymes?

Answer 1

Answer with explanation is given below :-

3-
Blood clothing Cascade Blood cloting Poroteinis generate thrombin . Therombin The Principal enzyme of hemostasis. Thrombin cata - lyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and.. activate Procoagulant factors V, vill, X1, Xil etc. .. The reaction leads to the formation of a fibrin dot. • Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insolu- ble fibrin network: • Tissue outside the blood vessel stimulates thrombine Production when clotting system is activated. • Thrombin causes Platelet aggregation • Thrombin responsible for very last reaction in the coagulation casecade.

blood. cagulation o formation of Brothrombin activaton. Prothrombin activator formed by :- Intrinsic and extrinsie Patway... two pathways (Intrinsic pathway l Extrinsic pathway tissue damage t collagen t exposure tissue troumat . tissue thrombo plastin xu Xila , (a-activated) Glycoprotein Phospholipid K ca Ti, ca a 'pit Platelet. / calcium Phospholipid protrombin activator

O Tntseinsic Pathwayt In this pathway the formation of Protona mbin actirator initiated by Patelets which are within the blood itself. - sequence of event in intrinsic Pathway are as follows :- . During the injury, the blood vessel is rupture endoplasm Endothelium is damaged and collagen beneathe the endothelium is exposed . ♡ when factor XI (Hagemen factor) comes in contanat with collagen , it is converted into activated forcfor All in the presence of kallikrein and high molecule weight kinogen. ③ The activated factor Xll converts factor I into activated factor in the Presence of high molecular weight kinogen. - 9 The activated factor activates factor X in the Presence of IV (Calcium) Rut l et - activates 0 Activated factor s forckor I in the presence of factor ill and calcium, 6 When platelets comes in contact with collagen of damage blood vessel it gets activate and release Phospholipid. Det Now the activated factor I reacts with Platelet Phospholipid and factor I to form Prothrombin activator. This need the Presence of calcium ion. 0 factor I is also activate by positive feedback effect of thrombin .

@ Extrinsic pathway! B In this pathway the formation of Prothrombin activator is initiated by the tissue thromboplastin which is formed from the injured tissue. o sequence of event in extringic Pathway are given below - 0 Tissue that are damage during injury release tissue Thromboplastin factor I. Thrombopl- - astion contains Protein Phospholipid and glucoprotein which act as Proteolytic enzyme. Ja © Grlycoprotein and phospholipid components of thromboplastioz convert factor into activated factor I in Presence of factor Ill. di ③ Activated forctor preacts with factor al and Phospholipid components of tissue thromboplastin to tarm Prothrombin activator the reaction require calcium im.

③ convention of Prothrombin into thrombin Blood clotting is all about thrombin formation. Prothrombin activator converted Prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of calcium. Thrombin activated factors Do factor I help to formation of both extrinsic and intrinsic protorom- bin activator. Conversion of fibrinogen into tibrin Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin. fibrin monomer Polymerize with other monomer molecule . and formed lossely arranged stood Stronds of fibrin. tibrin toreads sabilized by face for Xlll in the Presence of calcium All the tight fibrin threads are aggregated to form a mess works of stable clot,

• Benefit of having a cascade with multiple enzymes ? multiple enzymatic cascade reactions offer advantages such • lower demand of time.. o reduce costs. • easier recovery of Porsducts a completion of reversible reactions as well as concentrations of inhabitory compounds.