Question

can I get some help with question 1. c and d please?

ViewHelp Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria inhibit the coupling between the electron transport and phosphorylation reactions and thus inhibit ATP synthesis without affecting the respiratory chain and ATP synthase (H(+)-ATPase). Miscellaneous compounds are known to be uncouplers, but weakly acidic uncouplers are representative because they show very potent activities. The most potent uncouplers discovered so far are the hindered phenol SF 6847, and hydrophobic salicylanilide S-13, whic are active in vitro at concentrations in the 10 nM range. For induction of uncoupling, an acid dissociable group, bulky hydrophobic moiety and strong electron-withdrawing group are required. Weakly acidic uncouplers are considered to produce uncoupling by their protonophoric action in the H(+)-impermeable mitochondrial membrane. For exerting these effects, the stability of the respective uncoupler anions in the hydrophobic membrane is very important. High stability is achieved by delocalization of the polar ionic charge through uncoupler (chemical)-specific mechanisms. Such an action of weakly acidic uncouplers is characteristic of the highly efficient membrane targeting action of a nonsite-specific type of bioactive compound

Answer 1

Answer for question C.

Ans.

1. 2,4 D is an uncoupler, uncoupler means an agent which disassociate two integrated series of chemical, one that prevents the formation of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by dissociating the reaction of phosphorylation from those concerned with electron transport and oxidation.
2. It means energy which is generated by an electron transfer system can not be used for ATP synthesis.
3. In the actual process in oxidative phosphorylation, electrons travel from NADH and FADH2 to the oxygen which results in H+ ion pumping inside the membrane of mitochondria. These H+ produces ATP by interacting with ATP synthetase which is present on the inner membrane space of mitochondria.
3. But when there is a presence of 2,4 D it interferes with the normal process of ATP synthesis by disrupting the H+ gradient.
4. This condition leads to where the food we consume could not be used to produce ATP and results in weight loss.

Ans. for d.

Ans.

1. 2, 4 D inhibits the mitochondria's ability to produce ATP which is essential for energy generation for body movement. It drastically increases the metabolic rate.
2. The rapid utilization of calories was thought to occur because of the shift in the proton electrochemical gradient, which results in potential energy-releasing as heat, instead of being converted to ATP.
3, The resultant excess heat production affects the thyroid system and failed to maintain the homeostasis, which results in fatality and mortality.