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1.How do we determine if a character state is ancestral or derived? 2.What is the topology...

1.How do we determine if a character state is ancestral or derived?

2.What is the topology of a phylogeny? How can the same tree be depicted in different ways?

3.How can phylogenies be used to map the evolution of character states and test evolutionary hypotheses?

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Answer #1

③ To deterniere of a character state in cencestral or dermed ef the outgroup. has the character state is likely to be ancestr

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