Homework Answers
Answer (a) - Yes, age is a confounder in this study. Because, the overall relative risk is 3 factor, while age adjusted risk is shown to be 1.5 factor. This shows that occurrence eye ulcers is varying amongst diffenent age groups.
Answer (b) - No, because it is clearly stated that coffee along ith smoking is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, also there is no clear relation between smoking and pancreatic cancer.
Answer (c) - No, gender is not confounder in this study because these results could be demonstrated unisexually. As a study of relation between exercise and heart attacks in men as well as women who do not smoke.
Answer (d) - No, Age can not be a justified confounder in this case as liver cirrhosis solely depends on the consumption of the alcohol not the age factor.
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Question 2: Consider each of the following scenarios and state whether the variable in question is...
5. Smoking and duodenal ulcers. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study is a prospective study of heart...
5. Smoking and duodenal ulcers. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study is a prospective study of heart disease and cancer among more than 50,000 health professionals in the United States who were 40–75 years of age in 1986. Every two years questionnaires are sent to these individuals, and newly diagnosed cases of various diseases reported. The following data are constructed from the surveys returned in the 1993 mailing. The investigators in this study were interested in the relationship between smoking status...
C. According to Bradford-Hill, there are 9 for judging whether an association is causal. They are:...
C. According to Bradford-Hill, there are 9 for judging whether an association is causal. They are: strength of association, consistency, temporality, biological gradient, coherence, experiment, analogy, plausibility, and specificity. Summarized below are evidence used by the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health to support the inference that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. Indicate the criteria (or criterion) which is/are relevant for each statement. (1 point each) 1. A review of literature identified 29 case-control studies and 7 cohort...
Lung Cancer & Smoking Case Study A causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was...
Lung Cancer & Smoking Case Study A causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was first suspected in the 1920s on the basis of clinical observations. To test this apparent association, numerous epidemiologic studies were undertaken between 1930 and 1960. Two studies were conducted by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill in Great Britain The first was a case-control study begun in 1947 comparing the smoking habits of lung cancer patients with the smoking habits of other patients. The...
The study also provided mortality rates for cardiovascular disease among smokers and non-smokers....
The study also provided mortality rates for cardiovascular disease among smokers and non-smokers. The following table presents lung cancer mortality data and comparable cardiovascular disease mortality data. Table 2. Mortality rates (per 1,000 person-years), rate ratios, and excess deaths from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease by smoking status, Doll and Hill physician cohort study, Great Britain, 1951-1961. Mortality rate per 1,000 person-years Smokers Non-smokers All Rate ratio Excess deaths Attributable risk per 1,000 person-years smokers 1.23 2.19 percent among 1.30...
QUESTION 15: WHAT DO THESE RESULTS TELL YOU? QUESTION 16: WHAT ARE THE OTHER POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS...
QUESTION 15: WHAT DO
THESE RESULTS TELL YOU?
QUESTION 16: WHAT ARE THE OTHER POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
FOR THE APPARENT ASSOCIATION? INCLUDE AND EXPLAIN 3 SPECIFIC BIAS
THAT PERTAIN TO THIS STUDY.
Lung Cancer & Smoking Case Study A causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was first suspected in the 1920s on the basis of clinical observations. To test this apparent association, numerous epidemiologic studies were undertaken between 1930 and 1960. Two studies were conducted by Richard Doll and...
Indicate the one major type of limitation that is possible in each of the situations described...
Indicate the one major type of limitation that is possible in each of the situations described below. Choose from the following: selection bias, information bias, confounding, random error, limited generalizability or no error. Choose only one per example. A case-control study was conducted to determine whether lower socioeconomic status was associated with a higher risk of cervical cancer. The cases consisted of 250 women with cervical cancer who had been referred to Massachusetts General Hospital for treatment for cervical cancer. They were referred from...
In your opinion, which of the below three study design is best to assess the relationship...
In your opinion, which of the below three study design is best to assess the relationship between smoking and CRC? Why? (6 sentences) No plagiarism please Cross Sectional Study 1. Verga Enterprises is conducting a study to assess the relationship between smoking and colorectal cancer (CRC). In the survey that was conducted, 20 out of 100 non-smokers had CRC, while 40 out of 60 smokers had CRC. (a) What makes this a Cross Sectional study design? This particular case is...
Causation Relative risk Type I Error Ethics RCTS Lead-time bias makes it appear that people who...
Causation Relative risk Type I Error Ethics RCTS Lead-time bias makes it appear that people who get an early diagnosis from a screening test, live longer than Lead time aren't screened This type of bias occurs when we select participants on a common effect that will likely produce an association Selection bias 3. Resfarchers test the effectiveness of exercise versus diet in a weight-loss study, the concluded that there was between the two, but the truth is, there is a...
2 JanuarylFebua'9 SECTION 1 (COMPULSORY) FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING 50 OBJECTIVE-ITEMS, CHOOSE THE MOST ARK-...
2 JanuarylFebua'9 SECTION 1 (COMPULSORY) FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING 50 OBJECTIVE-ITEMS, CHOOSE THE MOST ARK- APPROPRIATE ANSWER AND MARK YOUR ANSWER AGAINST 1-50 ON THE M READING SHEET MATCH TO EACH OF THE STATEMENTS IN COLUMN A THE CORRECT TERM IN COLUMN B (TERMS IN COLUMN B MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE) COLUMN A COLUMN B 1 An investigation was carned out to determine the 1 Randomised controled trial relationship between lung cancer, cigarette 2 Cohort study smoking...
The sharpest rise in teenage smoking is among: Select one: a. African American females b. Caucasian...
The sharpest rise in teenage smoking is among: Select one: a. African American females b. Caucasian males c. African American males d. Caucasian females Question 2Not yet answeredPoints out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text What percentage of adults in the U.S. drink alcohol? Select one: a. 75% b. 67% c. 30% d. 80% Question 3Not yet answeredPoints out of 1.00 Not flaggedFlag question Question text The same poisonous gas emitted from motor vehicles and cigarettes is: Select one:...
C. According to Bradford-Hill, there are 9 for judging whether an association is causal. They are: strength of association, consistency, temporality, biological gradient, coherence, experiment, analogy, plausibility, and specificity. Summarized below are evidence used by the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health to support the inference that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. Indicate the criteria (or criterion) which is/are relevant for each statement. (1 point each) 1. A review of literature identified 29 case-control studies and 7 cohort...
Lung Cancer & Smoking Case Study A causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was first suspected in the 1920s on the basis of clinical observations. To test this apparent association, numerous epidemiologic studies were undertaken between 1930 and 1960. Two studies were conducted by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill in Great Britain The first was a case-control study begun in 1947 comparing the smoking habits of lung cancer patients with the smoking habits of other patients. The...
The study also provided mortality rates for cardiovascular disease among smokers and non-smokers. The following table presents lung cancer mortality data and comparable cardiovascular disease mortality data. Table 2. Mortality rates (per 1,000 person-years), rate ratios, and excess deaths from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease by smoking status, Doll and Hill physician cohort study, Great Britain, 1951-1961. Mortality rate per 1,000 person-years Smokers Non-smokers All Rate ratio Excess deaths Attributable risk per 1,000 person-years smokers 1.23 2.19 percent among 1.30...
QUESTION 15: WHAT DO
THESE RESULTS TELL YOU?
QUESTION 16: WHAT ARE THE OTHER POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
FOR THE APPARENT ASSOCIATION? INCLUDE AND EXPLAIN 3 SPECIFIC BIAS
THAT PERTAIN TO THIS STUDY.
Lung Cancer & Smoking Case Study A causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was first suspected in the 1920s on the basis of clinical observations. To test this apparent association, numerous epidemiologic studies were undertaken between 1930 and 1960. Two studies were conducted by Richard Doll and...
Causation Relative risk Type I Error Ethics RCTS Lead-time bias makes it appear that people who get an early diagnosis from a screening test, live longer than Lead time aren't screened This type of bias occurs when we select participants on a common effect that will likely produce an association Selection bias 3. Resfarchers test the effectiveness of exercise versus diet in a weight-loss study, the concluded that there was between the two, but the truth is, there is a...
2 JanuarylFebua'9 SECTION 1 (COMPULSORY) FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING 50 OBJECTIVE-ITEMS, CHOOSE THE MOST ARK- APPROPRIATE ANSWER AND MARK YOUR ANSWER AGAINST 1-50 ON THE M READING SHEET MATCH TO EACH OF THE STATEMENTS IN COLUMN A THE CORRECT TERM IN COLUMN B (TERMS IN COLUMN B MAY BE USED MORE THAN ONCE) COLUMN A COLUMN B 1 An investigation was carned out to determine the 1 Randomised controled trial relationship between lung cancer, cigarette 2 Cohort study smoking...
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