Question

2 - You are a hermit scientist currently living on top of a mountain in the Himalayas far from other people but with a well-equipped lab and a good connection to the web. You suspect that your pet Yeti has gallstones, common with Yetis – gallstones are mixed brown pigment stones typically containing 20–80% cholesterol along with calcium carbonate, palmitate phosphate, bilirubin (a reddish yellow pigment made during the normal breakdown of red blood cells) and other bile pigments (calcium bilirubinate, calcium palmitate and calcium stearate) - because you have noted some brown particles in your pet's urine and saved them for characterization. You also suspect the Yeti has some sort of viral infection that is showing up as a persistent cough and a fever. To identify the virus causing the infection you isolate proteins from the Yeti's blood that you believe to be biomarkers for the virus, but to be useful for the diagnosis you need to determine the protein structure (to establish the pathogen affecting your Yeti). Your challenge is to help determine the cause of the disease symptoms affecting your pet Yeti, and confirm your diagnosis of gallstones by sending enough data to your vet to allow a confirmatory diagnosis – you have a complete, well-equipped biomedical laboratory (with a complete microscopy lab., all major forms of spectroscopy, WAXS equipment and both separation and preparative chromatography) so making measurements is not a problem. 1. What data would you send your vet to identify the protein you believe is a biomarker for your pet's infection. 2. How would you determine the chemical composition of particles you isolated from your pet's urine? 3. How would you determine if the stones you isolated were crystalline? 4. How would you determine if the stones were isotropic or anisotropic?

Answer 1

1. Data's which will be given are:- 1. Inflammation 2. Tumors. 3. Excess protein in urine. 4. Infection due to stone.

2. Chemical composition are urea, creatine ,uric acid, carbohydrates, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium and magnesium, ammonia. 1. Cystocentesis - a sterile needle for collecting urine. 2. Catherization - narrow sterile catheter passed up. A. Check through blood stream.

3. Stone crystalline in nature analysed by 1.mass spectroacopy 2. Lc-ms,3.gc- ms.

4.kidney stones made up of mineral and salt. When urine become concentrated mineral will crystalline.Anisotropic In nature . They differ in different. Kidney stones have different shape .several factors increase risk.