Question

39. In the heart and groundbreaking work of Otto Loewi, the heart of a donor frog was ​stimulated to beat more rapidly than the normal basal rate. When an extract of fluid from ​the donor frog's heart was administered to the heart of a recipient frog, its heart rate also ​accelerated. Loewi concluded that __________:

a. transmission at synapses is a chemical event.

b. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are antagonistic.

c. transmission at vertebrate synapses is an electrical event.

d. one frog's heartache is another's as well.

The part of the brain stem most involved in modulating patterns of wakefulness and sleep is

​the __________, originating in the __________:

​a. cerebellum/medulla.

​b. hypothalamus/thalamus.

​c. reticular formation/pons.

​d. basal ganglia/motor cortex.

An important neuroendocrine structure which is located at the apex of the organizational ​hierarchy of the endocrine system and which synthesizes six hormones, including LH, ​FSH, HGH, ACTH, TSH, and prolactin, is the __________:

a. hypothalamus.

b. pineal gland.

c. anterior pituitary.

d. posterior pituitary.

Of the following, the part of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the ​formation and consolidation of new short-term memories is the __________:

a. hypothalamus.

b. thalamus.

c. hippocampus.

d. amygdala.

e. nucleus accumbens.

Impairments of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual motivation suggest ​possible damage to the __________:

a. thalamus.

b. hippocampus.

c. hypothalamus.

d. cerebellum.

Answer 1

Answer

According to the given question-

(39) Otto Loewi performed a experiment on frog heart and he observed the function of neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Before the experiment of Otto Loewi nobody was knowing about the signalling across the synapse is due to which reason. All the scientists were thinking that it is either chemical or bioelectrical. When he transferred a pert of fluid from one heart to another whose vagus nerve was already removed he observed that a action potential or electrical signal causes the release of chemical substances or neurotransmitter at the synapsis.

So the correct answer for the given question- (a)- transmission at synapses is a chemical event.

(40)- cerebellum are responsible for voluntary action such as coordination, balance,speech, and posture. While medulla are responsible for involuntary action such as sneezing and vomiting.

Hypothalamus is present at the base of the brain and responsible for maintaining body temperature and releasing hormones. Thalamus present between cerebral cortex and mid brain and helps in relay signal to cerebral cortex.

Reticular formation is the interconnected nuclei present in the region of brain stem and it responsible for controlling the sensory signal which reached the cerebrum and play an important role in sleep as well as alertness. Pons is present above the medulla and responsible for controlling several functions such as hearing, balance , communication between the other parts of the brain.

Basal ganglia are present in cerebral hemisphere and interconnected with thalamus, cerebral cortex and brain stem and responsible for controlling the eye movements, emotions, habit learning etc. Motor cortex present in frontal lobe of the brain and responsible for generating neural impulse.

So the correct answer for the given question The part of the brain stem most involved in modulating patterns of wakefulness and sleep is reticular formation and originating in pons.

(41) hormones are produced by endocrine glands and released into the blood due to certain specific response. Several parts of the brain responsible for producing hormones.

Hormones produced from the Hypothalamus control the release of hormones from anterior pituitary.

Pineal gland produces and regulates a hormone called melatonin responsible for controlling pattern of sleep.

Anterior pituitary produces several hormones such as thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, Luteinising hormone (LH),Growth hormone (GH) and Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).

Posterior pituitary produces Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

So the correct answer for the given question An important neuroendocrine structure which is located at the apex of the organizational ​hierarchy of the endocrine system and which synthesizes six hormones, including LH, ​FSH, HGH, ACTH, TSH, and prolactin, is the anterior pituitary.

(42) limbic system have several structure such as thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and cingulate gurus. But the long term memory and short term memory is are due to hippocampus while amygdala is essential for enhanced retention of memory or also called emotional memory.

Nucleus accumbens are part of basal fore brain and responsible for reward circuit.

So the correct answer for the given question part of the limbic system that plays an essential role in the ​formation and consolidation of new short-term memories is the hippocampus.

(43) thalamus present between cerebral cortex and mid brain and helps in relay signal to cerebral cortex.

Hippocampus present in temporal lobe and play an important role in met and learning.

Hypothalamus is present in the base of brain close to the pituitary gland and responsible for controlling the temperature regulation, drinking, eating or sexual motivation.

Cerebellum is present in hind brain and responsible for controlling the Movement and balance.

So the correct answer for the given question Impairments of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual motivation suggest ​possible damage to the hypothalamus.