Question

cardiovascular chart

Create a table of the following Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases: 1. Malaria 2. Tularemia 3. Plague 4. Lyme disease 5. Cytomegalovirus Disease Create columns as shown below: Name Causative Virulence. of Pathogenesis Sequelae Disease Agent(s) factors

Answer 1

1 ) Name of the disease: Malaria  

Causative Agent(s): Plasmodium (genus) mainly Plasmodium falciparum which causes malaria for humans.

Virulence Factors: PfEMP1 and rifin proteins are considered key virulence factors in P. falciparum. The PfEMP1, rifin, and stevor proteins are encoded by members of the var, rif, and stevor gene families, respectively.

Pathogenesis: Malarial infection begins when a person is bitten by an infected female anopheles mosquito and Plasmodium spp (species) parasites in the form of sporozoites are injected into the bloodstream. The sporozoites travel to the liver, multiplying asexually over the next 7–10 days. During this time there are no symptoms.

Sequelae: The persisting neurological deficits in this study were memory impairment, visual impairment, speech impairment, monoparesis, quadriparesis, and hyperactivity. ... Memory impairment was the most common persisting sequelae in this study

2 ) Name of the disease: Tulameria

Causative Agents: The causative agent is the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. The disease is primarily one of the animals; human infections are incidental. It occurs naturally in many types of wildlife.

Virulence Factors: The causative agent is the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis. The disease is primarily one of the animals; human infections are incidental. It occurs naturally in many types of wildlife.

pathogenesis of tularemia: Tularensis occurs primarily after inadvertent exposure to infected wildlife species, most frequently rodents, hares, and rabbits. Transmission to humans occurs via direct contact, through arthropod or insect vectors, by ingestion of contaminated material(s), or by inhalation of aerosolized organisms.

sequela of tularemia: Oculoglandular tularemia (Parinaud's syndrome) may occur following ocular/conjunctival inoculation, with unilateral conjunctival ulcers, purulent conjunctivitis, periorbital edema and enlargement of the cervical and preauricular lymph nodes (Bailey, 1999). Sequelae may include corneal perforation and iris prolapse.

3 ) Name of the disease: Plague

Causative Agents: The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of the systemic invasive infectious disease classically referred to as plague, and has been responsible for three human pandemics: the Justinian plague (sixth to eighth centuries), the Black Death (fourteenth to nineteenth centuries) and modern plague (nineteenth century to the present day).

Virulence Factors: The Yop effectors YopH, YopE, YpkA, and YopM contribute to the virulence of Y. pestis, while YopJ's role is debated.

Pathogenesis: The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis can infect humans by multiple routes to cause the plague. Three plague pandemics have occurred and Y. pestis has been linked to biowarfare in the past. The continued risk of plague as a bioweapon has prompted increased research to understand Y. pestis pathogenesis and develop new plague therapeutics.

Sequelae: Deaths typically result from respiratory failure and/or sequelae of severe sepsis, including circulatory collapse, coagulopathy, and hemorrhage. Pneumonic plague is nearly always fatal unless treated with antibiotics within 20 hours of symptom onset.

4) Name of the disease: Lyme Disease

Causative Agents: The causative agent of Lyme disease is the bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete that is approximately 20-30mm in length and .2-.3mm in width.

Virulence Factors: The extremely fast motility of this organism allows it to escape phagocytosis of large cells such as the macrophage. Another virulence factor is the use of adhesins such as integrins, proteoglycans, laminin, and fibronectin.

Pathogenesis: Lyme disease affects several major organ systems and leads to chronic illness. The pathogenesis of this disease appears to be centered around the long-term persistence of the organisms in tissues. In Lyme disease, isolations of B. ... Immune and nonimmune phagocytosis leading to bacterial killing occur in Lyme disease.

Sequelae: Lyme disease affects several major organ systems and leads to chronic illness. The pathogenesis of this disease appears to be centered around the long-term persistence of the organisms in tissues. In Lyme disease, isolations of B. ... Immune and nonimmune phagocytosis leading to bacterial killing occur in Lyme disease.

5 ) Name of the disease: cytomegalovirus disease

Causative Agents: Cytomegalovirus infection is caused by the human cytomegaloviruses (also known as “salivary gland viruses”). These are a subgroup of infective agents closely related to the herpes group of viruses.

Virulence Factors: Virulence among CMV strains could differ because of genetic variation in genes that are involved in host-cell penetration, tissue tropism, or replication [3]. An example of one potential virulence factor is CMV glycoprotein B (GB), which is the major envelope glycoprotein of CMV.

Pathogenesis: CMV is a lytic virus that causes a cytopathic effect in vitro and in vivo. The pathologic hallmark of CMV infection is an enlarged cell with viral inclusion bodies. ... Upon initial infection, CMV infects the epithelial cells of the salivary gland, resulting in persistent infection and viral shedding.

Sequelae: Symptoms can be detected at birth in 10-15% of the congenitally infected of which 50-90% will develop sequelae, the most frequent being sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), visual defect, psychomotor impairment, mental retardation, cerebral palsy and seizures.