Question

please help me to answer the questions below

9. Phase I and Phase II enzyme systems have primarily evolved to remove manmade chemicals from the body TRUE or FALSE? (2 points)

Answer 1

Answer 9:

Phase 1 and phase 2 systems have primarily evolved to remove man-made chemicals from the body; this is true.

Reason: As humans are continuously exposed to various kinds of substances found in different food items like additives, environmental pollutants, in some drinks, pesticides, mycotoxins, etc. These are particularly manmade chemicals usually called xenobiotics that poses high risk in the existing environmental conditions. This harmful compound can be exempted by the body via detoxification. This involves metabolization of xenobiotics within the body, its transportation for excretion which is an energy-dependent process and finally ejection of xenobiotics from the body.

This detoxification can be achieved within two steps:

Firstly, by the action of body that comprises the phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism firstly say via phase 1 enzymes i.e., by cytochrome 450 and flavin monooxygenase enzymes it transforms the chemical composition of xenobiotics through some oxidation reactions by exposing it with certain functional groups like -OH or NO2, etc.

Secondly, phase 2 enzymes like Transferase or N-acetyl transferase, etc. comes in action by further converting them into another form at the same pint where functional groups were added.

Although, sometimes the phase 1 enzymes action is not needed before the actions imposed by phase 2 enzymes, etc. All these factors depend on the various kinds of xenobiotics exposure. Therefore, it is said that these enzymes (phase 1 or phase 2) are subjected to act in various ways and have developed themselves by evolving.