Question

• Most fungal infections can be described as professional and systemic? or opportunistic and systemic? Before meds, what fungal infection associated with 70%-80% of HIV infected patients? How do mushrooms like Amanita and black mold (Stachybotrys sp.) primarily cause disease in hosts? What is the causative agent of the most common yeast infection in humans? What is the causative agent of ringworm? What are the different structures of movement in Protozoa? What are the different methods of reproduction in Protozoa? What diseases are caused by: Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Tape worms, Plasmodium falciparum? What is the causative parasite of malaria, what organ does it infect first? What cells does it destroy? Distinctive symptom? Vector? Best sample for diagnosis? And what host's mechanism regulates the development of the gametes in the RBCs?

Answer 1

1) Most of the fungal infection can be described as opportunistic and systemic. The host for Fungal infection is mainly a body whose immune system is weak or any pre-existed disease that causes the lower immunity of the body. This infection developed in an immunocompromised host. The systemic nature of this infection is described by its ability to involve infections in the mouth (Stomatitis), skin (Dermatophytoses), vaginal (candidal vaginitis). Hence it is classified as opportunistic and systemic.

2) Patient with HIV has a very chance of getting a fungal infection. They are very vulnerable to some common types of fungal infections. The reason for very quick fungal infection is that the patient with HIV as a pre-existing disease have very weak immune system. 70 to 80% of HIV patient are very infectious to some fungal infection, they are:

• Candidiasis
• Cryptococcosis
• Histoplasmosis
• Coccidioidomycosis

3) Amanita produces a very powerful toxin that damages the lever of the host. This toxin causes the inhibition of RNA polymerase II and leads to the lack of protein synthesis and necrosis of the cell. The name of the toxin is ama toxin, which progresses into the ALF and sometimes causes the death of the host if liver transplantation not occurs.

Stachybotrys or black molds or toxic black molds produce a very powerful chemotype toxic which is a trichothecene mycotoxin with Satra toxin and another one is atranones. These molds are seen in water-damaged buildings. These toxin does not easily affect to a normal healthy person but due to the long duration of contact with black molds can affect infants, older adults, asthma patient and immune-compromised patients by the colonization of spores in the lungs. This leads to inhalation difficulties and rashes, sometimes it causes mental problems.

4) The most common yeast infection is the fungal infection found in human beings is candidiasis which is caused by Candida Albicans.

5) Ringworm is a type of fungal infection that happens in the skin. This ringworm fungal infection is circular with red in color and feels very itchy to the affected person. Its causative agent is Microsporum and trichophyton.

6) The locomotion or mortality of Protozoa is done by:

• Flagellates- It is a whip-like structure that helps the protozoa for movements. This type of protozoa is found in aqueous environments.
• Ciliates - It is a hair-like structure known as cilia which helps in movement in protozoa. This is found in the aqueous environment.
• Amoebae - It is a foot like structure known as pseudopodia which helps in movement in protozoa. This type of protozoa ids found in soil.

Some protozoa do not move at all they are sessile.

7) Reproduction in protozoa is done for the production of offsprings or new individual organisms. There are generally two different methods by which protozoa reproduce their offsprings:

• Asexual- This type of reproduction doe not include pronuclei fusion and is performed during favorable conditions like in nutrients, optimum temperature, and ecological condition of the water.
• Sexual - This type of reproduction is done by the fusion of pronuclei. The formation of gametes is not necessarily, it can be or without.

Further, this asexual is divided into five types as:

1. Binary fusion
2. Plasmotomy
3. Multiple fission
4. Budding
5. Plasmogamy

Moreover, sexual reproduction is also further subdivided into two types as:

1. Syngamy
2. Conjugation

8) The following disease is caused by these organisms:

1. Giardia - Intestinal infection like diarrhea
2. Cryptosporidium - Diarrhea, nausea, fever, weight loss, vomiting and lack of appetite.
3. Tapeworms - Taeniasis, losses of minerals and vitamin in the body.
4. Plasmodium falciparum - Malaria

9) It is caused by the plasmodium parasites. And it 1stly involves the organ in the human body is the liver. Then it destroys the RBC which is red blood cell. Vector of malaria is an infected female ANOPHELES mosquito. The distinct symptoms of malaria are chilling with shivering then high fever occurs after that sweating happens and returns to normal body temperature. The best method of diagnosis in case of malaria is thick and thin blood smear which is formed by the drop of patient blood on the slide of the microscope, the gram stain is used to detect these Plasmodium parasites of malaria. The gametocyte of malaria parasite contains to make and the female gamete, which is precursor moving in the blood cell of the human body this is asexual reproduction occurs in human beings. After that mosquito feeds on blood of this infected human. Then the gametocyte of the parasite enters the mosquito and stays in the salivary gland whether the sexual reproduction occurs and causes the formation of mature sporozoites this is the infective form of the parasite. These sporozoites are ready to infect other healthy people.