Question

Arterial and skin puncture are general procedure to obtain blood of patient. Differentiate the advantages and disadvantages of arterial and skin puncture. [Tusukan arteri dan kulit merupakan kaedah umun yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan darah pesakit. Bandingkan kelebihan dan kelemahan tusukan arteri dan kulit.) (6 Marks/Markah) (b) Centrifugal separation technique is common practice in clinical and research laboratory. Differentiate the principle of preparative ultracentrifuges and analytical ultracentrifuge. [Emparan adalah teknik pengasingan yang biasa digunakan di dalam makmal klinikal dan penyelidikan. Bandingkan prinsip bagi ultracentrifuges persedian dan ultracentrifuge analisis. (6 Marks/Markah) (c) In genetic engineering, human insulin was produced in bacteria. What the mechanism of expression human insulin in bacteria? Justify your answer. [Di dalam kejuruteraan genetik, insulin manusia dihasilkan di dalam bakteria. Apakah mekanisma penghasilan human insulin dalam bakteria? Jelaskan jawapan anda.)

Answer 1

1. Differentiate advantages and disadvantages of arterial and skin puncture to obtain blood

Skin puncture collects blood from capillaries.

As capillaries are the bridges between arteries and veins the blood collected by skin puncture is a mixture of venous blood and arterial blood.

It often practices when minute amounts of blood are needed for testing, or when venipuncture is contraindicated for the client.

Eg: blood collection or frequent glucose monitoring in elderly clients, blood collection paediatric clients less than two years.

Arterial puncture is the method of blood sample collection through puncture of the brachial, radial or femoral artery or the extraction of a sample from an arterial line.

Eg. For analyze the patient’s arterial blood gas (ABG) values.

Advantages of skin puncture and arterial puncture

Skin puncture

1.Easy and simple procedure

2. Usually less pain

3. Minimises the amount of blood, only a very small amount of blood is needed.

4. Site can be rotated so that the risk of scarring and pain is lessened.

5. Less training is needed client can performed even alone in home.

Arterial puncture.

1.Composition of the arterial blood is uniform

2. Arterial blood not dependent on changes in systemic or local circulation.

3. Sample are collected from radial, femoral or brachial artery by using specifically designed arterial blood sample syringes

4. Large sample can be collected.

5. Done by skilled persons who know about complications and it's management

6. Done aseptically.

7. Useful for blood collection indicated for critically ill patients.

7. Above all it is the most accurate blood sample technique.

Disadvantages of skin picture and arterial puncture.

Skin puncture-Disadvantages.

1. Not always give accurate results.

2. Only small volume blood can draw

3. Risk of fainting from the side of patient.

4.Chances of infection, excessive bleeding, scarring and calcified nodule formation.

Arterial puncture

1. Skilled assistance needed.

2. Painful for the patient.

3. Difficulty in obtaining proper artery site.

4. More complicated. Chances of infection more, hematoma, arteriospasm, hemorrhage may also occur.

5.Chances of nerve in jury

6.Fainting or sudden fall of blood pressure.

B. Differentiate principle of preparative ultracentrifuge and analytical centrifuge.

Centrifugation is a technique of separating substances which involves the application of centrifugal force.

The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes denser substances and particles to move outward in the radial direction. At the same time, objects that are less dense are displaced and move to center.

Preparative centrifugation use a high-velocity centrifuge for the separation of small submicroscopic particles.

It operate through the principle of pho­toelectric devices.

Eg: Small materials such as membranes, organelles, viruses, plasmid DNA, and RNA.

Analytical centrifugation uses a high-velocity centrifuge used in the analytical processes and the rate of sedimentation can be measured by taking photographs of the moving boundaries of sedimenting particles.

The principle of monitoring in this system is done either through the ultraviolet absorption system or by noting the differences in the refrac­tive index.

Eg:  Determine the mass and shape of macromolecules such as protein complexes , rate of sedimentation of molecules.

C)Mechanism of recombinant DNA technology.

It is a mechanism in which  insert a human gene into the genetic material of a common bacterium ( E.coli)This “recombinant” micro-organism could now produce the protein encoded by the human gene.

Plusmid (doogs of batteria ONA) Hroman Zosulin Gene Bacteria JALOnes hum Plasmoid Coop of bacteur DNA Fossertion of Human Gene into the plasmida Decombinma Bacteria Return the plasmid into Bacteria combien Bacteria Produce Tossulin - Fanpolatos y Tank

  

Plusmid (doogs of batteria ONA) Hroman Zosulin Gene Bacteria JALOnes hum Plasmoid Coop of bacteur DNA Fossertion of Human Gene into the plasmida Decombinma Bacteria Return the plasmid into Bacteria combien Bacteria Produce Tossulin - Fanpolatos y Tank