Question

How can you tell you have an aldehyde instead of ketone? or caboxylic acid?

How can you distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary amines?  

How can you distinguish between nitrile (CN) and alkyne?  

How can you distinguish between aromatic double bond vs non-aromatic double bonds?

What's the different between alcohol OH and carboxylic acid OH?

What's the different between sp2 CH vs sp3 CH?

Answer 1

» Uruike ketones, in aldehydes hydrogen is attached to the carbonyl group, cohile in carboxyle acids, hydroxyl group is attached to the carbonyl group * Aldehydes and camborylic ocid functional groups are teremial while Ketonic functional groups can never be terminal. • Aldehydes and ketones can be chemically distinguished by Tollen's test. This is based on the fact that aldehydes can be easily owdised to carbonylic acid by Tollené neogent when compared to ketones. 2) Amines are derivatives of NHg. Primary amines que formed when one hychogen atem of ammonia is replaced by an aryl Jalkyl group. Similarly, seconday and tertiary amines are formed when two and timee hydrogens of ammonia ave replaced by alkye bye gi oups respectively. NHE R-NH₂ R-N-H R'_N-R" RU Ammonia Puunary Secondary amine omune Tertiary amine Hin Sbeug reaction is used to distinguish between premcat, secondary , tertiary amines. Hinsberg reagent consists of sodium hydroxide" , bengenesulphonyl chloride is presence of aqueous alkali- per la cos ta o minais, como oka resale *) No Helicon s

3) Alkynes have a cac stretching at 2260-2100cm' sange. But this peak is a weak once, since this band is not a polou one. But nitriles have a strong, shaup peak at 2250 cm which is due to the polau CEN group. Thus, alkynes and nit ailes can be distinguished using ther 18 spectrum A) Aromatic compounds are those which obeys Huckel's rule , that is it has Cyclic , planay conformation with An+2°1 electrons in conjugation. But in non-aromatic compounds it will not obey Huckel's sute , that es either one of the requirements will not be followed 5) The difference between alcoholic Oh and carboxylic acid OH can be understood from then IR spectroscopy. In carboxylic acid the Oh Streetching band is sh bered ar 3300-asoon. This is strong and bewod compared to on of alcohol which is at 3200 - 35 50cni. 6) The ch stretching of sp is at 2800-3000 cmt while for sp CH Setching to ar 3000-3100cml. Thus they can bedistinguished,